390 N Kostereva and M-C HofmannMMPs are well known for their <strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>in</strong> stem cellrecruitment, migration and hom<strong>in</strong>g (Heissig et al. 2002;Von Luttichau et al. 2005), it appears that <strong>in</strong> Sertolicells, Etv5 is responsible for the production of factorsthat reta<strong>in</strong> stem cells <strong>in</strong>side their niches. Additionalstudies also suggest that the blood–testis barrier (Sertoli–Sertolitight junctional complex) is abnormal <strong>in</strong> theEtv5(- ⁄ -) mice, and several chemok<strong>in</strong>es and MMPs havebeen shown to be critical <strong>in</strong> modulat<strong>in</strong>g various componentsthat contribute to blood-testes barrier function(Morrow et al. 2008).Alterations of the spermatogonial stem cell niche willoccur with ag<strong>in</strong>g, and these changes contribute todeficient stem cell number and activity. This wasrecently demonstrated by transplant<strong>in</strong>g SSCs fromyoung, fertile male mice <strong>in</strong>to the 1-year and 2-yearatrophied testes of old males (Zhang et al. 2006). Theresults showed that 1-year-old testes are permissive forregeneration of spermatogenesis, while the 2-year-oldtestes are not, suggest<strong>in</strong>g a gradual change <strong>in</strong> the SSCmicroenvironment. Further studies demonstrated asignificant decrease of the production of GDNF bySertoli cells with age, which could <strong>in</strong> part expla<strong>in</strong> thedecl<strong>in</strong>e of stem cell numbers (Ryu et al. 2006). However,<strong>in</strong> reciprocal transplantation experiments, colonizationof young testes by 2-year-old SSCs was not as efficient ascolonization by 1-year-old SSCs, <strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g that stemcell <strong>in</strong>tr<strong>in</strong>sic factors are also altered as the animal ages(Zhang et al. 2006). Age-related decl<strong>in</strong>e of the spermatogonialstem cell niche occurs as well <strong>in</strong> theDrosophila testis, where the decrease of expression of akey self-renewal signal, Unpaired (Upd), correlates witha decrease <strong>in</strong> SSCs with ag<strong>in</strong>g (Boyle et al. 2007).Conversely, forced expression of Upd by the somaticcells of the niche ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>s SSCs <strong>in</strong> older males.Therefore, similar molecular mechanisms with<strong>in</strong> thetesticular niche ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> self-renewal across species, andtheir alterations contribute to a decl<strong>in</strong>e of the stem cellpool and spermatogenesis.ConclusionSpermatogonial stem cells are at the orig<strong>in</strong> of spermatogenesis.Their fate is regulated by a complex <strong>in</strong>terplay ofgrowth factors produced by Sertoli cells and other germcells, the extracellular matrix and vasculature components.The ensemble of these factors is called thespermatogonial stem cell niche. The behaviour of theSSCs is the result of <strong>in</strong>teractions between the signalsgiven from the niche and stem cell <strong>in</strong>tr<strong>in</strong>sic factors suchas k<strong>in</strong>ases, phosphatases and transcription factors.Growth factors provided by the niche that regulate thefate of SSCs <strong>in</strong>clude GDNF, stem cell factor (SCF) andJagged-1 ⁄ 2. There is little known about the mechanismsthat regulate the production of these factors by Sertolicells, but FGF2, FSH and cytok<strong>in</strong>es produced by<strong>in</strong>terstitial cells seem <strong>in</strong>volved. Another molecule thatregulates the function of the niche is the Sertoli celltranscription factor Etv5. By ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the blood–testis barrier, and by regulat<strong>in</strong>g the production ofchemok<strong>in</strong>es, and metalloprote<strong>in</strong>ases by Sertoli cells,Etv5 contributes to the hom<strong>in</strong>g and physical ma<strong>in</strong>tenanceof SSCs with<strong>in</strong> the niche.AcknowledgementsFunded by NIH grants R01-HD044543 and K02-HD054607.ReferencesAdams G, Scadden D, 2006: The hematopoietic stem cell <strong>in</strong> itsplace. Nat Immunol 7, 333–337.Airaks<strong>in</strong>en M, Saarma M, 2002: The GDNF family: signall<strong>in</strong>g,biological functions and therapeutic value. Nat RevNeurosci 3, 383–394.Boyle M, Wong C, Rocha M, Jones D, 2007: Decl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> selfrenewalfactors contributes to ag<strong>in</strong>g of the stem cell niche <strong>in</strong>the Drosophila testis. Cell Stem Cell 1, 470–478.Braydich-Stolle L, Nolan C, Dym M, Hofmann M, 2005: Roleof glial cell l<strong>in</strong>e-derived neurotrophic factor <strong>in</strong> germ-l<strong>in</strong>estem cell fate. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1061, 94–99.Braydich-Stolle L, Kostereva N, Dym M, Hofmann M, 2007:Role of Src family k<strong>in</strong>ases and N-Myc <strong>in</strong> spermatogonialstem cell proliferation. Dev Biol 304, 34–45.Br<strong>in</strong>ster R, 2002: Germl<strong>in</strong>e stem cell transplantation andtransgenesis. Science 296, 2174–2176.Buaas F, Kirsh A, Sharma M, Mclean DJ, Morris J, GriswoldM, De Rooij DG, Braun R, 2004: Plzf is required <strong>in</strong> adultmale germ cells for stem cell self-renewal. Nat Genet 36,647–652.Buageaw A, Sukhwani M, Ben-Yehudah A, Ehmcke J, RaweV, Pholpramool C, Orwig K, Schlatt S, 2005: GDNFfamily receptor alpha1 phenotype of spermatogonial stemcells <strong>in</strong> immature mouse testes. Biol Reprod 73, 1011–1016.Chen C, Ouyang W, Grigura V, Zhou Q, Carnes K, LimH, Zhao G, Arber S, Kurpios N, Murphy TL, Cheng A,Hassell J, Chandrashekar V, Hofmann MC, Hess R, MurphyKM, 2005: ERM is required for transcriptionalcontrol of the spermatogonial stem cell niche. Nature436, 1030–1034.Corall<strong>in</strong>i S, Fera S, Grisanti L, Falciatori I, Muciaccia B,Stefan<strong>in</strong>i M, Vic<strong>in</strong>i E, 2006: Expression of the adaptorprote<strong>in</strong> m-Numb <strong>in</strong> mouse male germ cells. <strong>Reproduction</strong>132, 887–897.Costoya JA, Hobbs R, Barna M, Cattoretti G, Manova K,Sukhwani M, Orwig K, Wolgemuth D, Pandolfi P, 2004:Essential role of Plzf <strong>in</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>tenance of spermatogonial stemcells. Nat Genet 36, 653–659.De Rooij DG, Russell L, 2000: All you wanted to knowabout spermatogonia but were afraid to ask. J Androl 21,776–798.Desdouets C, Matesic G, Mol<strong>in</strong>a CA, Foulkes N, Sassone-Corsi P, Brechot C, Sobczak-Thepot J, 1995: Cell cycleregulation of cycl<strong>in</strong> A gene expression by the cyclic AMPresponsivetranscription factors CREB and CREM. MolCell Biol 15, 3301–3309.Dirami G, Rav<strong>in</strong>dranath N, Achi M, Dym M, 2001:Expression of Notch pathway components <strong>in</strong> spermatogoniaand Sertoli cells of neonatal mice. J Androl 22, 944–952.Dolci S, Pellegr<strong>in</strong>i M, Di AS, Geremia R, Rossi P, 2001:Signal<strong>in</strong>g through extracellular signal-regulated k<strong>in</strong>ase isrequired for spermatogonial proliferative response to stemcell factor. J Biol Chem 276, 40225–40233.Dym M, Fawcett D, 1971: Further observations on thenumbers of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatidsconnected by <strong>in</strong>tercellular bridges <strong>in</strong> the mammalian testis.Biol Reprod 4, 195–215.Falender A, Freiman R, Geles K, Lo K, Hwang K, Lamb D,Morris PL, Tjian R, Richards J, 2005: Ma<strong>in</strong>tenance ofspermatogenesis requires TAF4b, a gonad-specific subunitof TFIID. Genes Dev 19, 794–803.Ó 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
Regulation of the Spermatogonial Stem Cell Niche 391Filipponi D, Hobbs R, Ottolenghi S, Rossi P, Jann<strong>in</strong>i E,Pandolfi P, Dolci S, 2007: Repression of kit expression byPlzf <strong>in</strong> germ cells. Mol Cell Biol 27, 6770–6781.Gutierrez-Hartmann A, Duval D, Bradford A, 2007: ETStranscription factors <strong>in</strong> endocr<strong>in</strong>e systems. Trends Endocr<strong>in</strong>olMetab 18, 150–158.Hayashi T, Kageyama Y, Ishizaka K, Xia G, Kihara K,Oshima H, 2001: Requirement of Notch 1 and its ligandjagged 2 expressions for spermatogenesis <strong>in</strong> rat and humantestes. J Androl 22, 999–1011.Hayashi T, Yamada T, Kageyama Y, Negishi T, Kihara K,2004: Expression failure of the Notch signal<strong>in</strong>g system isassociated with the pathogenesis of maturation arrest <strong>in</strong>male <strong>in</strong>fertility patients. Fertil Steril 81, 697–699.He Z, Jiang J, Kokk<strong>in</strong>aki M, Golestaneh N, Hofmann M,Dym M, 2008: GDNF up-regulates c-fos transcription viathe Ras ⁄ ERK1 ⁄ 2 pathway to promote mouse spermatogonialstem cell proliferation. Stem Cells 26, 266–278.Heissig B, Hattori K, Dias S, Friedrich M, Ferris B, HackettN, Crystal RG, Besmer P, Lyden D, Moore M, Werb Z,Rafii S, 2002: Recruitment of stem and progenitor cells fromthe bone marrow niche requires MMP-9 mediated release ofkit-ligand. Cell 109, 625–637.Hess R, Cooke P, Hofmann M, Murphy K, 2006: Mechanistic<strong>in</strong>sights <strong>in</strong>to the regulation of the spermatogonial stem cellniche. Cell Cycle 5, 1164–1170.Hofmann M, Braydich-Stolle L, Dett<strong>in</strong> L, Johnson E, Dym M,2005a: Immortalization of mouse germ l<strong>in</strong>e stem cells. StemCells 23, 200–210.Hofmann M, Braydich-Stolle L, Dym M, 2005b: Isolation ofmale germ-l<strong>in</strong>e stem cells; <strong>in</strong>fluence of GDNF. Dev Biol 279,114–124.Huck<strong>in</strong>s C, 1971: The spermatogonial stem cell population <strong>in</strong>adult rats. I. Their morphology, proliferation and maturation.Anat Rec 169, 533–557.Kanatsu-Sh<strong>in</strong>ohara M, Ogonuki N, Inoue K, Miki H, OguraA, Toyokuni S, Sh<strong>in</strong>ohara T, 2003: Long-term proliferation<strong>in</strong> culture and germl<strong>in</strong>e transmission of mouse male germl<strong>in</strong>estem cells. Biol Reprod 69, 612–616.Kasper M, Schnidar H, Neill G, Hanneder M, Kl<strong>in</strong>gler S, BlaasL, Schmid C, Hauser-Kronberger C, Regl G, Philpott M,Aberger F, 2006: Selective modulation of Hedgehog ⁄ GLItarget gene expression by epidermal growth factor signal<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong> human kerat<strong>in</strong>ocytes. Mol Cell Biol 26, 6283–6298.Kern S, Robertson S, Mau V, Maddocks S, 1995: Cytok<strong>in</strong>esecretion by macrophages <strong>in</strong> the rat testis. Biol Reprod 53,1407–1416.Kubota H, Avarbock M, Br<strong>in</strong>ster R, 2003: Spermatogonialstem cells share some, but not all, phenotypic and functionalcharacteristics with other stem cells. Proc Natl Acad SciUSA 100, 6487–6492.Kubota H, Avarbock M, Br<strong>in</strong>ster R, 2004: Growth factorsessential for self-renewal and expansion of mouse spermatogonialstem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101, 16489–16494.Lardelli M, Dahlstrand J, Lendahl U, 1994: The novel Notchhomologue mouse Notch 3 lacks specific epidermal growthfactor-repeats and is expressed <strong>in</strong> proliferat<strong>in</strong>g neuroepithelium.Mech Dev 46, 123–136.Lee J, Kanatsu-Sh<strong>in</strong>ohara M, Inoue K, Ogonuki N, Miki H,Toyokuni S, Kimura T, Nakano T, Ogura A, Sh<strong>in</strong>ohara T,2007: Akt mediates self-renewal division of mouse spermatogonialstem cells. Development 134, 1853–1859.Meistrich M, Van Beek M, 1993: Spermatogonial stem cells.In: Desjard<strong>in</strong>s C, Ew<strong>in</strong>g LL (eds), Spermatogonial StemCells. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 266–295.Meng X, L<strong>in</strong>dahl M, Hyvonen M, Parv<strong>in</strong>en M, De Rooij DG,Hess M, Raatika<strong>in</strong>en-Ahokas A, Sa<strong>in</strong>io K, Rauvala H,Lakso M, Pichel JG, Westphal H, Saarma M, Sariola H,2000: Regulation of cell fate decision of undifferentiatedspermatogonia by GDNF. Science 287, 1489–1493.Moore M, Kle<strong>in</strong> R, Far<strong>in</strong>as I, Sauer H, Arman<strong>in</strong>i M, PhillipsH, Reichardt L, Ryan A, Carver-Moore K, Rosenthal A,1996: Renal and neuronal abnormalities <strong>in</strong> mice lack<strong>in</strong>gGDNF. Nature 382, 76–79.Mori S, Kadokawa Y, Hosh<strong>in</strong>aga K, Marunouchi T, 2003:Sequential activation of Notch family receptors dur<strong>in</strong>gmouse spermatogenesis. Dev Growth Differ 45, 7–13.Morrow C, Hostetler C, Griswold M, Hofmann MC, MurphyK, Cooke P, Hess R, 2008: ETV5 is required for cont<strong>in</strong>uousspermatogenesis <strong>in</strong> adult mice and may mediate blood testesbarrier function and testicular immune privilege. Ann N YAcad Sci 1120, 144–151.Nagano M, Br<strong>in</strong>ster C, Orwig K, Ryu B, Avarbock M,Br<strong>in</strong>ster R, 2001: Transgenic mice produced by retroviraltransduction of male germ-l<strong>in</strong>e stem cells. Proc Natl AcadSci USA 98, 13090–13095.Naughton C, Ja<strong>in</strong> S, Strickland A, Gupta A, Milbrandt J,2006: Glial cell-l<strong>in</strong>e derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-mediated RET signal<strong>in</strong>g regulates spermatogonial stem cellfate. Biol Reprod 74, 314–321.Oakberg E, 1971: Spermatogonial stem-cell renewal <strong>in</strong> themouse. Anat Rec 169, 515–531.Oatley JM, Avarbock M, Telaranta A, Fearon DT, Br<strong>in</strong>ster R,2006: Identify<strong>in</strong>g genes important for spermatogonial stemcell self-renewal and survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103,9524–9529.Oatley JM, Avarbock M, Br<strong>in</strong>ster R, 2007: Glial cell l<strong>in</strong>ederivedneurotrophic factor regulation of genes essential forself-renewal of mouse spermatogonial stem cells is dependenton Src family k<strong>in</strong>ase signal<strong>in</strong>g. J Biol Chem 282, 25842–25851.Ogawa T, Ohmura M, Yumura Y, Sawada H, Kubota Y,2003: Expansion of mur<strong>in</strong>e spermatogonial stem cellsthrough serial transplantation. Biol Reprod 68, 316–322.Pichel J, Shen L, Sheng H, Granholm A, Drago J, Gr<strong>in</strong>berg A,Lee E, Huang S, Saarma M, Hoffer B, Sariola H, WestphalH, 1996: Defects <strong>in</strong> enteric <strong>in</strong>nervation and kidney development<strong>in</strong> mice lack<strong>in</strong>g GDNF. Nature 382, 73–76.Rossi P, Lolicato F, Grimaldi P, Dolci S, Di Sauro A,Filipponi D, Geremia R, 2008: Transcriptome analysis ofdifferentiat<strong>in</strong>g spermatogonia stimulated with kit ligand.Gene Expr Patterns 8, 58–70.Ryu B, Orwig K, Oatley JM, Avarbock M, Br<strong>in</strong>ster R, 2006:Effects of ag<strong>in</strong>g and niche microenvironment on spermatogonialstem cell self-renewal. Stem Cells 24, 1505–1511.Sanchez MP, Silos-Santiago I, Frisen J, He B, Lira S, BarbacidM, 1996: Renal agenesis and the absence of enteric neurons<strong>in</strong> mice lack<strong>in</strong>g GDNF. Nature 382, 70–73.Schofield R, 1978: The relationship between the spleen colonyform<strong>in</strong>gcell and the haemopoietic stem cell. Blood Cells 4,7–25.Schuchardt A, D’agati V, Larsson-Blomberg L, Costant<strong>in</strong>i F,Pachnis V, 1994: Defects <strong>in</strong> the kidney and enteric nervoussystem of mice lack<strong>in</strong>g the tyros<strong>in</strong>e k<strong>in</strong>ase receptor Ret.Nature 367, 380–383.Shetty G, Meistrich M, 2007: The miss<strong>in</strong>g niche for spermatogonialstem cells: do blood vessels po<strong>in</strong>t the way? Cell StemCell 1, 361–363.Sh<strong>in</strong>ohara T, Avarbock M, Br<strong>in</strong>ster R, 1999: Beta1- andalpha6-<strong>in</strong>tegr<strong>in</strong> are surface markers on mouse spermatogonialstem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96, 5504–5509.Simon L, Ekman G, Tyagi G, Hess R, Murphy KM, Cooke P,2007: Common and dist<strong>in</strong>ct factors regulate expression ofmRNA for ETV5 and GDNF, Sertoli cell prote<strong>in</strong>s essentialfor spermatogonial stem cell ma<strong>in</strong>tenance. Exp Cell Res 313,3090–3099.Ó 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
- Page 2 and 3:
Reproduction in Domestic AnimalsOff
- Page 5 and 6:
Reproductionin Domestic AnimalsTabl
- Page 7 and 8:
Minitüb:ProductsforArtificial Inse
- Page 9 and 10:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 1-7
- Page 11 and 12:
Embryo Biotechnologies in Farm Anim
- Page 13 and 14:
Embryo Biotechnologies in Farm Anim
- Page 15 and 16:
Embryo Biotechnologies in Farm Anim
- Page 17 and 18:
Ethical Models for Studying Reprodu
- Page 19 and 20:
Ethical Models for Studying Reprodu
- Page 21 and 22:
Ethical Models for Studying Reprodu
- Page 23 and 24:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 15-2
- Page 25 and 26:
Dietary Pollutants as Risk Factors
- Page 27 and 28:
Dietary Pollutants as Risk Factors
- Page 29 and 30:
Dietary Pollutants as Risk Factors
- Page 31 and 32:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Supp. 2), 23-30
- Page 33 and 34:
Factors Influencing Reproduction in
- Page 35 and 36:
Factors Influencing Reproduction in
- Page 37 and 38:
Factors Influencing Reproduction in
- Page 39 and 40:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 31-3
- Page 41 and 42:
GH and IGF-I in Cattle and Pigs 33h
- Page 43 and 44:
GH and IGF-I in Cattle and Pigs 35h
- Page 45 and 46:
GH and IGF-I in Cattle and Pigs 37B
- Page 47:
GH and IGF-I in Cattle and Pigs 39R
- Page 51 and 52:
Seasonality of Reproduction in Mamm
- Page 53 and 54:
Seasonality of Reproduction in Mamm
- Page 55 and 56:
Seasonality of Reproduction in Mamm
- Page 57 and 58:
Dominant Follicle Selection in Cows
- Page 59 and 60:
Dominant Follicle Selection in Cows
- Page 61 and 62:
Dominant Follicle Selection in Cows
- Page 63 and 64:
Dominant Follicle Selection in Cows
- Page 65 and 66:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 57-6
- Page 67 and 68:
Regulation of Luteal Function 59and
- Page 69 and 70:
Regulation of Luteal Function 61bov
- Page 71 and 72:
Regulation of Luteal Function 63(+/
- Page 73 and 74:
Regulation of Luteal Function 65sys
- Page 75 and 76:
Captive Breeding of Cheetahs in Sou
- Page 77 and 78:
Captive Breeding of Cheetahs in Sou
- Page 79 and 80:
Captive Breeding of Cheetahs in Sou
- Page 81 and 82:
Captive Breeding of Cheetahs in Sou
- Page 83 and 84:
Non-invasive Monitoring of Hormones
- Page 85 and 86:
Non-invasive Monitoring of Hormones
- Page 87 and 88:
Non-invasive Monitoring of Hormones
- Page 89 and 90:
Non-invasive Monitoring of Hormones
- Page 91 and 92:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 83-8
- Page 93 and 94:
Biotechnology Methods for Preservin
- Page 95 and 96:
Biotechnology Methods for Preservin
- Page 97 and 98:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 89-9
- Page 99 and 100:
Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cow Re
- Page 101 and 102:
Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cow Re
- Page 103 and 104:
Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cow Re
- Page 105 and 106:
Nutrient Prioritization and Fertili
- Page 107 and 108:
Nutrient Prioritization and Fertili
- Page 109 and 110:
Nutrient Prioritization and Fertili
- Page 111 and 112:
Nutrient Prioritization and Fertili
- Page 113 and 114:
CL-Endometrium-Embryo Interactions
- Page 115 and 116:
CL-Endometrium-Embryo Interactions
- Page 117 and 118:
CL-Endometrium-Embryo Interactions
- Page 119 and 120:
CL-Endometrium-Embryo Interactions
- Page 121 and 122:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 113-
- Page 123 and 124:
Reproductive Status Assessed by Mil
- Page 125 and 126:
Reproductive Status Assessed by Mil
- Page 127 and 128:
Reproductive Status Assessed by Mil
- Page 129 and 130:
Reproductive Status Assessed by Mil
- Page 131 and 132:
Genetic Aspects of Reproduction in
- Page 133 and 134:
Genetic Aspects of Reproduction in
- Page 135 and 136:
Genetic Aspects of Reproduction in
- Page 137 and 138:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 129-
- Page 139 and 140:
Nutritional Interactions and Reprod
- Page 141 and 142:
Nutritional Interactions and Reprod
- Page 143 and 144:
Nutritional Interactions and Reprod
- Page 145 and 146:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 137-
- Page 147 and 148:
Developmental Capabilities of Prepu
- Page 149 and 150:
Developmental Capabilities of Prepu
- Page 151 and 152:
Developmental Capabilities of Prepu
- Page 153 and 154:
Reproductive Physiology, Pathology
- Page 155 and 156:
Reproductive Physiology, Pathology
- Page 157 and 158:
Reproductive Physiology, Pathology
- Page 159 and 160:
Reproduction of Domestic Ferret 151
- Page 161 and 162:
Reproduction of Domestic Ferret 153
- Page 163 and 164:
Reproduction of Domestic Ferret 155
- Page 165 and 166:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 157-
- Page 167 and 168:
Canine Anoestrus, Oestrous Inductio
- Page 169 and 170:
Canine Anoestrus, Oestrous Inductio
- Page 171 and 172:
Canine Anoestrus, Oestrous Inductio
- Page 173 and 174:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 165-
- Page 175 and 176:
The Ethics and Role of AI in Dogs 1
- Page 177 and 178:
The Ethics and Role of AI in Dogs 1
- Page 179 and 180:
The Ethics and Role of AI in Dogs 1
- Page 181 and 182:
Control of Fertility in Females by
- Page 183 and 184:
Control of Fertility in Females by
- Page 185 and 186:
Control of Fertility in Females by
- Page 187 and 188:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 179-
- Page 189 and 190:
Controlling Animal Populations Usin
- Page 191 and 192:
Controlling Animal Populations Usin
- Page 193 and 194:
Controlling Animal Populations Usin
- Page 195 and 196:
Recombinant Gonadotropins in Assist
- Page 197 and 198:
Recombinant Gonadotropins in Assist
- Page 199 and 200:
Recombinant Gonadotropins in Assist
- Page 201 and 202:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 193-
- Page 203 and 204:
Farm Animals Embryonic Stem Cells 1
- Page 205 and 206:
Farm Animals Embryonic Stem Cells 1
- Page 207 and 208:
Farm Animals Embryonic Stem Cells 1
- Page 209 and 210:
Reproduction in Domestic Buffalo 20
- Page 211 and 212:
Reproduction in Domestic Buffalo 20
- Page 213 and 214:
Reproduction in Domestic Buffalo 20
- Page 215 and 216:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 207-
- Page 217 and 218:
Postpartum Ovarian Activity in Sout
- Page 219 and 220:
Postpartum Ovarian Activity in Sout
- Page 221 and 222:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 213-
- Page 223 and 224:
Mother-Offspring Interactions 215an
- Page 225 and 226:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 217-
- Page 227 and 228:
Reproduction Augmentation in Yak an
- Page 229 and 230:
Reproduction Augmentation in Yak an
- Page 231 and 232:
Reproduction Augmentation in Yak an
- Page 233 and 234:
Follicles and Mares 2251982). Simil
- Page 235 and 236:
Follicles and Mares 227Studies invo
- Page 237 and 238:
Follicles and Mares 229dominant fol
- Page 239 and 240:
Follicles and Mares 231trus, spring
- Page 241 and 242:
Proteins in Early Equine Conceptuse
- Page 243 and 244:
Proteins in Early Equine Conceptuse
- Page 245 and 246:
Proteins in Early Equine Conceptuse
- Page 247 and 248:
Follicular and Oocyte Competence un
- Page 249 and 250:
Follicular and Oocyte Competence un
- Page 251 and 252:
Follicular and Oocyte Competence un
- Page 253 and 254:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 245-
- Page 255 and 256:
Fertilization in the Porcine Fallop
- Page 257 and 258:
Fertilization in the Porcine Fallop
- Page 259 and 260:
Fertilization in the Porcine Fallop
- Page 261 and 262:
Mastitis in Post-Partum Dairy Cows
- Page 263 and 264:
Mastitis in Post-Partum Dairy Cows
- Page 265 and 266:
Mastitis in Post-Partum Dairy Cows
- Page 267 and 268:
Mastitis in Post-Partum Dairy Cows
- Page 269 and 270:
Embryo ⁄ Foetal Losses in Ruminan
- Page 271 and 272:
Embryo ⁄ Foetal Losses in Ruminan
- Page 273 and 274:
Embryo ⁄ Foetal Losses in Ruminan
- Page 275 and 276:
Embryo ⁄ Foetal Losses in Ruminan
- Page 277 and 278:
Death Ligand and Receptor Pig Ovari
- Page 279 and 280:
Death Ligand and Receptor Pig Ovari
- Page 281 and 282:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 273-
- Page 283:
Lactocrine Programming of Uterine D
- Page 286 and 287:
278 FF Bartol, AA Wiley and CA Bagn
- Page 288 and 289:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 280-
- Page 290 and 291:
282 KC Caires, JA Schmidt, AP Olive
- Page 292 and 293:
284 KC Caires, JA Schmidt, AP Olive
- Page 294 and 295:
286 KC Caires, JA Schmidt, AP Olive
- Page 296 and 297:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 288-
- Page 298 and 299:
290 I Dobrinskisuccessful also betw
- Page 300 and 301:
292 I DobrinskiCreemers LB, Meng X,
- Page 302 and 303:
294 I DobrinskiOkutsu T, Suzuki K,
- Page 304 and 305:
296 N Rawlings, ACO Evans, RK Chand
- Page 306 and 307:
298 N Rawlings, ACO Evans, RK Chand
- Page 308 and 309:
300 N Rawlings, ACO Evans, RK Chand
- Page 310 and 311:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 302-
- Page 312 and 313:
304 A Dinnyes, XC Tian and X Yanggr
- Page 314 and 315:
306 A Dinnyes, XC Tian and X YangIn
- Page 316 and 317:
308 A Dinnyes, XC Tian and X YangHo
- Page 318 and 319:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 310-
- Page 320 and 321:
312 RC Bott, DT Clopton and AS Cupp
- Page 322 and 323:
314 RC Bott, DT Clopton and AS Cupp
- Page 324 and 325:
316 RC Bott, DT Clopton and AS Cupp
- Page 326 and 327:
318 BK Whitlock, JA Daniel, RR Wilb
- Page 328 and 329:
320 BK Whitlock, JA Daniel, RR Wilb
- Page 330 and 331:
322 BK Whitlock, JA Daniel, RR Wilb
- Page 332 and 333:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 324-
- Page 334 and 335:
326 CR Barb, GJ Hausman and CA Lent
- Page 336 and 337:
328 CR Barb, GJ Hausman and CA Lent
- Page 338 and 339:
330 CR Barb, GJ Hausman and CA Lent
- Page 340 and 341:
332 C Galli, I Lagutina, R Duchi, S
- Page 342 and 343:
334 C Galli, I Lagutina, R Duchi, S
- Page 344 and 345:
336 C Galli, I Lagutina, R Duchi, S
- Page 346 and 347:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 338-
- Page 348 and 349: 340 D Rath and LA JohnsonCommercial
- Page 350 and 351: 342 D Rath and LA JohnsonThe Commer
- Page 352 and 353: 344 D Rath and LA JohnsonX- and Y-b
- Page 354 and 355: 346 D Rath and LA JohnsonWalker SK,
- Page 356 and 357: 348 JM Vazquez, J Roca, MA Gil, C C
- Page 358 and 359: 350 JM Vazquez, J Roca, MA Gil, C C
- Page 360 and 361: 352 JM Vazquez, J Roca, MA Gil, C C
- Page 362 and 363: 354 JM Vazquez, J Roca, MA Gil, C C
- Page 364 and 365: 356 CBA Whitelaw, SG Lillico and T
- Page 366 and 367: 358 CBA Whitelaw, SG Lillico and T
- Page 368 and 369: 360 ACO Evans, N Forde, GM O’Gorm
- Page 370 and 371: 362 ACO Evans, N Forde, GM O’Gorm
- Page 372 and 373: 364 ACO Evans, N Forde, GM O’Gorm
- Page 374 and 375: 366 ACO Evans, N Forde, GM O’Gorm
- Page 376 and 377: Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 368-
- Page 378 and 379: 370 JP Kastelic and JC Thundathilsp
- Page 380 and 381: 372 JP Kastelic and JC Thundathilme
- Page 382 and 383: Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 374-
- Page 384 and 385: 376 GC AlthouseTable 1. Potential s
- Page 386 and 387: 378 GC Althousesemen to the domesti
- Page 388 and 389: 380 B Leboeuf, JA Delgadillo, E Man
- Page 390 and 391: 382 B Leboeuf, JA Delgadillo, E Man
- Page 392 and 393: 384 B Leboeuf, JA Delgadillo, E Man
- Page 394 and 395: Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 386-
- Page 396 and 397: 388 N Kostereva and M-C HofmannFig.
- Page 400 and 401: 392 N Kostereva and M-C HofmannTado
- Page 402 and 403: 394 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
- Page 404 and 405: 396 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
- Page 406 and 407: 398 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
- Page 408 and 409: 400 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
- Page 410 and 411: 402 K Kikuchi, N Kashiwazaki, T Nag
- Page 412 and 413: 404 K Kikuchi, N Kashiwazaki, T Nag
- Page 414 and 415: 406 K Kikuchi, N Kashiwazaki, T Nag
- Page 416 and 417: 408 B ObackNumber of publications20
- Page 418 and 419: 410 B ObackReprogramming Ability of
- Page 420 and 421: 412 B Obackstudies have shown that
- Page 422 and 423: 414 B ObackFig. 4. Climbing mount e
- Page 424 and 425: 416 B ObackRenard JP, Maruotti J, J
- Page 426 and 427: 418 P Loi, K Matzukawa, G Ptak, Y N
- Page 428 and 429: 420 P Loi, K Matzukawa, G Ptak, Y N
- Page 430 and 431: 422 P Loi, K Matzukawa, G Ptak, Y N
- Page 434: Table of Contents Volume 43 · Supp