Reproduction in Domestic Animals

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192 TE Adams and I Boimegonadotropin carboxyterminal peptide in the rhesus monkey.Fertil Steril 77, 1248–1255.Lemke EP, Adams BM, Jablonka-Shariff A, Boime I, AdamsTE, 2008: Using novel monomeric gonadotropins withsingular (FSH-like) or dual (LH- and FSH-like) activity toinduce follicle development in sheep. J Endocrinol 196, 593–600.Low SC, Nunes SL, Bitonti AJ, Dumont JA, 2005: Oral andpulmonary delivery of FSH-Fc fusion proteins via neonatalFc receptor-mediated transcytosis. Hum Reprod 20, 1805–1813.Lunenfeld B, 2004: Historical perspectives in gonadotrophintherapy. Hum Reprod Update 10, 453–467.Martinuk SD, Manning AW, Black WD, Murphy BD, 1991:Effects of carbohydrates on the pharmacokinetics andbiological activity of equine chorionic gonadotropin in vivo.Biol Reprod 45, 598–604.Matorras R, Rodriguez-Escudero FJ, 2003: Prions, urinarygonadotrophins and recombinant gonadotrophins. HumReprod 18, 1129–1130.Matzuk MM, Hsueh AJ, Lapolt P, Tsafriri A, Keene JL,Boime I, 1990: The biological role of the carboxyl-terminalextension of human chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit.Endocrinology 126, 376–383.Monniaux D, Chupin D, Saumande J, 1983: Superovulatoryresponses of cattle. Theriogenology 19, 55–81.Murphy BD, Mapletoft RJ, Manns J, Humphrey WD, 1984:Variability in gonadotrophin preparations as a factor in thesuperovulatory response. Theriogenology 21, 117–125.Olijve W, de Boer W, Mulders JW, van Wezenbeek PM, 1996:Molecular biology and biochemistry of human recombinantfollicle stimulating hormone (Puregon). Mol Hum Reprod2, 371–382.Phillips DJ, Hudson NL, Lun S, Condell LA, McNatty KP,1993: Biopotency in vitro and metabolic clearance rates offive pituitary preparations of follicle stimulating hormone.Reprod Fertil Dev 5, 181–190.Pierce JG, Parsons TF, 1981: Glycoprotein hormones: structureand function. Annu Rev Biochem 50, 465–495.Reichl H, Balen A, Jansen CA, 2002: Prion transmission inblood and urine: what are the implications for recombinantand urinary-derived gonadotrophins? Hum Reprod 17,2501–2508.Roseman DS, Baenziger JU, 2000: Molecular basis of lutropinrecognition by the mannose ⁄ GalNAc-4-SO4 receptor. ProcNatl Acad Sci USA 97, 9949–9954.Smith PL, Kaetzel D, Nilson J, Baenziger JU, 1990: Thesialylated oligosaccharides of recombinant bovine lutropinmodulate hormone bioactivity. J Biol Chem 265, 874–881.Smith PL, Skelton TP, Fiete D, Dharmesh SM, BeranekMC, MacPhail L, Broze GJ Jr, Baenziger JU, 1992: Theasparagine-linked oligosaccharides on tissue factor pathwayinhibitor terminate with SO4-4GalNAc beta 1,4GlcNAc beta 1,2 Mana alpha. J Biol Chem 267,19140–19146.Sugahara T, Pixley MR, Minami S, Perlas E, Ben-MenahemD, Hsueh AJ, Boime I, 1995: Biosynthesis of a biologicallyactive single peptide chain containing the human commonalpha and chorionic gonadotropin beta subunits in tandem.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92, 2041–2045.Sugahara T, Sato A, Kudo M, Ben-Menahem D, Pixley MR,Hsueh AJ, Boime I, 1996: Expression of biologically activefusion genes encoding the common alpha subunit and thefollicle-stimulating hormone beta subunit. Role of a linkersequence. J Biol Chem 271, 10445–10448.Takagi M, Kim IH, Izadyar F, Hyttel P, Bevers MM,Dieleman SJ, Hendriksen PJ, Vos PL, 2001: Impaired finalfollicular maturation in heifers after superovulation withrecombinant human FSH. Reproduction 121, 941–951.Thotakura NR, Blithe DL, 1995: Glycoprotein hormones:glycobiology of gonadotrophins, thyrotrophin and freealpha subunit. Glycobiology 5, 3–10.Trousdale RK, Pollak SV, Klein J, Lobel L, Funahashi Y,Feirt N, Lustbader JW, 2007: Single-chain bifunctionalvascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-follicle-stimulatinghormone (FSH)-C-terminal peptide (CTP) is superiorto the combination therapy of recombinant VEGF plusFSH-CTP in stimulating angiogenesis during ovarian folliculogenesis.Endocrinology 148, 1296–1305.Weenen C, Pena JE, Pollak SV, Klein J, Lobel L, TrousdaleRK, Palmer S, Lustbader EG, Ogden RT, Lustbader JW,2004: Long-acting follicle-stimulating hormone analogscontaining N-linked glycosylation exhibited increased bioactivitycompared with o-linked analogs in female rats. JClin Endocrinol Metab 89, 5204–5212.Wehrman ME, Fike KE, Kojima FN, Bergfeld EG, Cupp AS,Mariscal V, Sanchez T, Kinder JE, 1996: Development ofpersistent ovarian follicles during synchronization of estrusinfluences the superovulatory response to FSH treatment incattle. Theriogenology 45, 593–610.Wilson JW, Jones AL, Moore K, Looney CR, Bondioli KR,1993: Superovulation of cattle with a recombinant-DNAbovine follicle stimulating hormone. Anim Reprod Sci 33,71–82.Yoon MJ, Boime I, Colgin M, Niswender KD, King SS,Alvarenga M, Jablonka-Shariff A, Pearl CA, Roser JF,2007: The efficacy of a single chain recombinant equineluteinizing hormone (reLH) in mares: induction of ovulation,hormone profiles, and inter-ovulatory intervals. DomestAnim Endocrinol 33, 470–479.Author’s address (for correspondence): TE Adams, Department ofAnimal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. E-mail:teadams@ucdavis.eduConflict of interest: TE Adams declares no conflict of interest; B Irvingis a paid consultant for AspenBio Pharma Inc.Ó 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 193–199 (2008); doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01161.xISSN 0936-6768Recent Progress in Embryonic Stem Cell Research and Its Application in DomesticSpeciesTAL Brevini, S Antonini, G Pennarossa and F GandolfiDepartment of Animal Science, Centre for Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, University of Milan, ItalyContentsMany reports described cell lines derived in domestic species,which presented several important features typical of embryonicstem cells (ESCs). Such features unfortunately did notinclude the capacity to generate germ-line chimeras, thereforelimiting the possibility to use these cells as tools for the geneticmanipulation. However, farm animal ESCs may still be usefulfor the generation of transgenic animals as usually have a selfrenewalcapacity more prolonged than normal primarycultures thus increasing the possibility to transform and selectcells to be used as nucleus donors in cloning procedures. Farmanimal ESCs may also be an excellent experimental model inpre-clinical trials, assessing the feasibility of cell therapybecause of the close morphological and physiological resemblanceto humans of species like the pig. However, thepersistent lack of standard methods for the derivation,maintenance and characterization of ESCs in domestic speciesstimulated the search for alternatives. Embryonic germ cellsmay represent such an alternative. Indeed, these cells showed ahigher plasticity than ESCs as contributed to embryonicdevelopment forming chimeric newborns but, as for ESCs,standardization is still far away and efficiency is very low.Recent results indicated spermatogonial stem cells as possibletools for germ-line genetic modifications with some proof ofprinciple results already achieved. But, a real break throughcould arrive from the multipotent germ-line stem cells,virtually equivalent to ESC, derived from newborn and adultmouse testis.IntroductionThe important achievements already reached by embryonicstem cells (ESCs) research have been recentlycelebrated with the Nobel price awarded to the scientistswho derived these cells for the first time and used themto identify the function of genes (Evans and Kaufman1981; Doetschman et al. 1987; Thomas and Capecchi1987). However, this aspect of stem cell research hashardly reached the general public that, on the contrary,is eagerly awaiting for ESCs to fulfil the next bigachievement: to provide an unlimited source of replacementmaterial for the therapy of injured, degenerated orotherwise damaged tissues. It is difficult to tell, atpresent, if this ambitious goal will ever be reached byESCs but the simple hope has fuelled a great deal ofresearch efforts as well as of hot debate.Such efforts have involved domestic species from theearly days with the first reports on putative ESCs insheep, pig and cow being published in 1990 (Evans et al.1990; Piedrahita et al. 1990a,b).As for the other species, also in domestic animals, thefocus of the research has shifted during the years.Initially, the main aim of stem cell research was toimprove transgenesis efficiency and control of transgeneexpression (Seamark 1994). The vision was to obtain anabundance of totipotent ESC to be transformed accordingto plan and to take advantage of the variety ofprocedures available to ensure that those cells could beidentified, cloned and maintained as isogenetic cell lines.The publication, of evidence that pluripotent pig ESClines were able to form chimeras, a few years from thefirst reports in mice, (Wheeler 1994; Gerfen and Wheeler1995; Chen et al. 1999) sustained for a while this visionbut, to date, it has not been possible to demonstrate theintegration of embryo-derived cell lines into the germline either in pig or in any other domestic species (Keeferet al. 2007). Indeed, it has not been possible even toobtain cell lines able to consistently and significantlycontribute to embryo development upon injection intoblastocyst in farm animals including pig, with theexception of one report in rabbit (Schoonjans et al.1996).In the absence of cell lines capable to generate germlinechimeras, the hope to use embryo-derived cell linesas a tool to improve transgenesis in domestic animalsshifted towards the use of these cells as nuclear donorsin nuclear transfer procedures. This pathway immediatelyproved to be much more effective with the birth ofthe first lamb obtained from an embryonic cell line(Campbell et al. 1996). However, the following birth ofDolly (Wilmut et al. 1997) suggested that in order tomanipulate farm animal germ line, ESCs were notnecessary. In fact, the formal demonstration of transgenicsheep generated through the transfer of transformedsomatic cells followed in a short interval of time(Schnieke et al. 1997) and was soon applied to otherspecies (Cibelli et al. 1998).This diverted the interest from farm animal ESCs fora while. However, recent data in the mouse indicatingthat, in this species, ESCs are more amenable toreprogramming through nuclear transfer than theirsomatic counterparts (Hochedlinger and Jaenisch2006), may induce a renew interest in deriving stableESCs as nuclear donors. Even if this phenomenon maynot be true for other species or for all mouse strains(Oback and Wells 2007), the ability of putative ESCs toproliferate in vitro without undergoing through senescence,may represent per se an important potentialadvantage in comparison to primary cultures of somaticcells. A prolonged in vitro life span, if fact, represents adistinct advantage when genetic modifications need tobe inserted into cell lines as these procedure are usuallyfollowed by extensive selective processes that, in turn,require several cell replications. Therefore, it is importantthat the transformed cell line remains viable andÓ 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
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Minitüb:ProductsforArtificial Inse
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Embryo Biotechnologies in Farm Anim
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Ethical Models for Studying Reprodu
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Dietary Pollutants as Risk Factors
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Factors Influencing Reproduction in
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GH and IGF-I in Cattle and Pigs 35h
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GH and IGF-I in Cattle and Pigs 37B
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GH and IGF-I in Cattle and Pigs 39R
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Seasonality of Reproduction in Mamm
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Dominant Follicle Selection in Cows
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Regulation of Luteal Function 59and
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Regulation of Luteal Function 61bov
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Regulation of Luteal Function 63(+/
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Regulation of Luteal Function 65sys
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Captive Breeding of Cheetahs in Sou
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Reproductive Status Assessed by Mil
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Genetic Aspects of Reproduction in
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Developmental Capabilities of Prepu
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Fertilization in the Porcine Fallop
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278 FF Bartol, AA Wiley and CA Bagn
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282 KC Caires, JA Schmidt, AP Olive
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290 I Dobrinskisuccessful also betw
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292 I DobrinskiCreemers LB, Meng X,
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376 GC AlthouseTable 1. Potential s
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380 B Leboeuf, JA Delgadillo, E Man
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388 N Kostereva and M-C HofmannFig.
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402 K Kikuchi, N Kashiwazaki, T Nag
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408 B ObackNumber of publications20
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410 B ObackReprogramming Ability of
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412 B Obackstudies have shown that
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414 B ObackFig. 4. Climbing mount e
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416 B ObackRenard JP, Maruotti J, J
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