Reproduction in Domestic Animals

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28 JEP Santos, TR Bilby, WW Thatcher, CR Staples and FT SilvestreTable 4. Effect of fatty acid (FA) supplementation on pregnancy per AI in lactating dairy cowsFA source – Pregnancy per AI, %Reference Cows Amount ⁄ daySaturated n-6 FA n-3 FAAmbrose et al. (2006) 121 0.75 kg of fat – 32.2 48.4**Fuentes et al. (2008) 356 0.40 kg of fat – 39.2 38.8Juchem (2007) 699 0.40 kg of FA 40.7 – 35.9Juchem (2007) 323 0.40 kg of FA 22.8 – 24.8Juchem (2007) 344 2% of ration 28.6 37.9** –Petit and Twagiramungu (2006) 110 0.6–0.8 kg of FA 55.9 40.0 44.4Silvestre (unpublished data) – first AI 1055 1.5% of rationTransition 39.0 35.9 –>30 d postpartum 37.3 – 37.6Silvestre (unpublished data) – second AI 604 1.5% of rationTransition 29.0 34.5 –>30 d postpartum 27.2 – 37.0 *Saturated = mostly saturated and monounsaturated FA; n-6 FA = source rich in C18:2 n-6; n-3 FA = source rich in C18:3 n-3 or C20:5 n-3 + C22:6 n-3.* Within a row, effect of source of FA (p < 0.05).** Within a row, effect of source of FA (p < 0.07).Table 5. Effect of fatty acid (FA) supplementation on pregnancy losses after first postpartum AI in lactating dairy cowsFA source – Pregnancy loss, %Reference Pregnancies Amount ⁄ daySaturated n-6 FA n-3 FAAmbrose et al. (2006) 77 0.75 kg of fat – 27.3 9.8 *Juchem (2007) 257 0.40 kg of FA 20.4 – 23.5Juchem (2007) 77 0.40 kg of FA 5.4 – 10.0Juchem (2007) 114 2% of the ration 9.8 6.3 –Petit and Twagiramungu (2006) 51 0.6–0.8 kg of FA 21.1 12.5 0 *Silvestre (unpublished data) 388 1.5% of rationTransition 8.3 12.1 –>30 d postpartum 13.6 – 6.3 *Saturated = mostly saturated and monounsaturated FA; n-6 FA = source rich in C18:2 n-6; n-3 FA = source rich in C18:3 n-3 or C20:5 n-3 + C22:6 n-3.* Within a row, effect of source of FA (p < 0.05).Because n-3 FA can suppress uterine secretion ofPGF 2a (Mattos et al. 2002, 2003, 2004), it may improveembryonic survival in cattle (Mattos et al. 2000). Inthree of five experiments, feeding the n-3 FA C18:3 n-3(Ambrose et al. 2006; Petit and Twagiramungu 2006) orEPA and DHA (Silvestre, unpublished data) reducedpregnancy losses in lactating dairy cows (Table 5). Onthe other hand, when n-6 FA were fed as Ca-LCFA,pregnancy losses were similar to those observed for cowsfed Ca-LCFA of palm oil (Juchem 2007; Silvestre,unpublished data).Collectively, these data suggest that feeding fat to dairycows generally improves fertility and responses areobserved with the energy increment in the diet; also, thesedata suggest that fertility responses to fat feeding arealtered according to the type of dietary FA, althoughresponses are not always consistent. Feeding n-3 FA fromflaxseeds or as Ca-LCFA improved pregnancy per AI insome, but not all studies. Similarly, feeding Ca-LCFArich in n-6 FA improved pregnancy per AI in one of twoexperiments with lactating dairy cows. Although feedingn-3 FA has not consistently increased the risk ofpregnancy, it has reduced pregnancy losses in dairy cows.ConclusionsFat is recommended to be incorporated into dairy cattlediets at moderate amounts. Feeding fat to cattlegenerally improved establishment and maintenance ofpregnancy, but benefits to fertility can be negated whenweight losses are exacesbated by fat feeding. Potentialimprovements in fertility of cows caused by fat feedinghave generally been associated with enhanced follicledevelopment postpartum, increased diameter of theovulatory follicle, increased progesterone concentrationsduring the luteal phase of the cycle, altered uterine⁄ embryo cross-talk by modulating PG synthesis,and improved oocyte and embryo quality. Some ofthese effects have been more influenced by the type offatty acid than by fat feeding per se. Differentialresponses in vivo to FA feeding suggest that unsaturatedFA of the n-6 and n-3 families were most beneficial.AcknowledgementsPart of the research mentioned on this manuscript and conducted bythe authors was supported by the National Research InitiativeCompetitive Grant no. 2004-35203-14137 from the USDA CooperativeState Research, Education, and Extension Service.ReferencesAmbrose DK, Kastelic JP, Corbett R, Pitney PA, Petit HV,Small JA, Zalkovic P, 2006: Lower pregnancy losses inlactating dairy cows fed a diet enriched in a-linolenic acid.J Dairy Sci 89, 3066–3074.Ó 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
Factors Influencing Reproduction in Cattle 29Balaguer SA, Pershing RA, Rodriguez-Sallaberry C, ThatcherWW, Badinga L, 2005: Effects of bovine somatotropin onuterine genes related to the prostaglandin cascade inlactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 88, 543–552.Beam SW, Butler WR, 1997: Energy balance and ovarianfollicle development prior to the first ovulation postpartumin dairy cows receiving three levels of dietary fat. BiolReprod 56, 133–142.Bilby TR, Block J, do Amaral BC, Sa Filho O, Silvestre FT,Hansen PJ, Staples CR, Thatcher WW, 2006a: Effects ofdietary unsaturated fatty acids on oocyte quality andfollicular development in lactating dairy cows in summerJ. Dairy Sci 89, 3891–3903.Bilby TR, Guzeloglu A, MacLaren LA, Staples CR, ThatcherWW, 2006b: Pregnancy, bST and omega-3 fatty acids inlactating dairy cows: II. Gene expression related to maintenanceof pregnancy. J Dairy Sci 89, 3375–3385.Burke JM, Staples CR, Risco CA, De La Sota RL, ThatcherWW, 1996: Effect of ruminant grade menhaden fish meal onreproductive and productive performance of lactating dairycows. J Dairy Sci 80, 3386–3398.Burns PD, Engle TE, Harris MA, Enns RM, Whittier JC,2003: Effect of fish meal supplementation on plasma andendometrial fatty acid composition in nonlactating beefcows. J Anim Sci 81, 2840–2846.Burr GO, Burr MM, 1929: A new disease produced bythe rigid exclusion of fat from the diet. J Biol Chem 82, 345–367.Burr GO, Burr MM, 1930: The nature and role of the fattyacids essential in nutrition. J Biol Chem 86, 587–621.Carroll DJ, Jerred MJ, Grummer RR, Combs DK, PiersonRA, Hauser ER, 1990: Effects of fat supplementation andimmature alfalfa to concentrate ratio on plasma progesterone,energy balance, and reproductive traits of dairy cattle.J Dairy Sci 73, 2855–2863.Cerri RLA, Bruno RGS, Chebel RC, Galva˜ o KN, RutglianoH, Juchem SO, Thatcher WW, Luchini D, Santos JEP, 2004:Effect of fat sources differing in fatty acid profile onfertilization rate and embryo quality in lactating dairy cows.J Dairy Sci 87(Suppl. 1), 297 (abstr).Cullens FM, Staples CR, Bilby TR, Silvestre FT, Bartolome J,Sozzi A, Badinga L, Thatcher WW, Arthington JD, 2004:Effect of timing of initiation of fat supplementation on milkproduction, plasma hormones and metabolites, and conceptionrates of Holstein cows in summer. J Dairy Sci 86(Suppl.1), 308 (abstr).De Fries CA, Neuendorff DA, Randel RD, 1998: Fatsupplementation influences postpartum reproductive performancein Brahman cows. J Anim Sci 76, 864–870.Drackley JK, 1999: ADSA foundation scholar award. Biologyof dairy cows during the transition period: the final frontier?J Dairy Sci 82, 2259–2273.Ferguson JD, Sklan D, Chalupa WV, Kronfeld DS, 1990:Effects of hard fats on in vitro and in vivo rumenfermentation, milk production, and reproduction in dairycows. J Dairy Sci 73, 2864–2879.Fouladi-Nashta AA, Gutierrez CG, Gong JG, GarnsworthyPC, Webb R, 2007: Impact of dietary fatty acids on oocytequality and development in lactating dairy cows. BiolReprod 77, 9–17.Fuentes MC, Calsamiglia SS, Sa´nchez C, Gonza´lez A,Newbold J, Santos JEP, Rodrı´guez-Alcala´ LM, FontechaJ, 2008: Effect of extruded linseed on productive andreproductive performance of lactating dairy cows. LivestSci 113, 144–154.Garcia-Bojalil CM, Staples CR, Risco CA, Savio JD, ThatcherWW, 1998: Protein degradability and calcium salts of longchainfatty acids in the diets of lactating dairy cows:productive responses. J Dairy Sci 81, 1374–1384.Grummer RR, Carroll DJ, 1991: Effects of dietary fat onmetabolic disorders and reproductive performance of dairycattle. J Anim Sci 69, 3838–3852.Hawkins DE, Niswender KD, Oss GM, Moeller CL, OddeKG, Sawyer HR, Niswender GD, 1995: An increase inserum lipids increases luteal lipid content and alters thedisappearance rate of progesterone in cows. J Anim Sci 73,541–545.Hightshoe RB, Cochran RC, Corah LR, Kiracofe GH,Harmon DL, Perry RC, 1991: Effects of calcium soaps offatty acids on postpartum reproductive function in beefcows. J Anim Sci 69, 4097–4103.Howard JJ, Scott RG, Britt JH, 1990: Associations amongprogesterone, estradiol-17b, and prostaglandin in cattletreated with hCG during diestrus to extend corpus luteumfunction. Prostaglandins 40, 51–70.Juchem SO, 2007: Lipid Digestion and Metabolism in DairyCows: Effects on Production, Reproduction and Health.PhD thesis, University of California Davis.Kim JY, Kinoshita M, Ohnishi M, Fukui Y, 2001: Lipid andfatty acid analysis of fresh and frozen-thawed immature andin vitro matured bovine oocytes. Reproduction 122, 131–138.Knickerbocker JJ, Thatcher WW, Foster DB, Wolfenson D,Bartol FF, Caton D, 1986: Uterine prostaglandin and bloodflow responses to estradiol-17b in cyclic cattle. Prostaglandins31, 757–776.Lammoglia MA, Willard ST, Oldham JR, Randel RD, 1996:Effects of dietary fat and season on steroid hormonalprofiles before parturition and on hormonal, cholesterol,triglycerides, follicular pattern, and postpartum reproductionin Brahman cows. J Anim Sci 74, 2253–2262.Lammoglia MA, Williard ST, Hallford DM, Randel RD,1997: Effects of dietary fat on follicular development andcirculating concentrations of lipids, insulin, progesterone,estradiol-17b, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2a andgrowth hormone in estrous cyclic Brahman cows. J Anim Sci75, 1591–1600.Lim H, Gupta RA, Ma WG, Paria BC, Moller DE, MorrowJD, BuBois RN, Trzaskos JM, Dey SK, 1999: Cyclooxygenase-2-derivedprostacyclin mediates embryo implantationin the mouse via PPARd. Gene Dev 13, 1561–1574.Lucy MC, Staples CR, Michel FM, Thatcher WW, Bolt DJ,1991: Effect of feeding calcium soaps to early postpartumdairy cows on plasma prostaglandin F 2a , luteinizing hormone,and follicular growth. J Dairy Sci 74, 483–489.Lucy MC, De La Sota RL, Staples CR, Thatcher WW, 1993:Ovarian follicular populations in lactating dairy cowstreated with recombinant bovine somatotropin (sometribove)or saline and fed diets differing in fat content and energy.J Dairy Sci 76, 1014–1027.MacLaren LA, Guzeloglu A, Michel F, Thatcher WW, 2006:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) expressionin cultured bovine endometrial cells and response toomega-3 fatty acid, growth hormone and agonist stimulationin relation to series 2 prostaglandin production. DomAnim Endocr 30, 155–169.Mattos R, Staples CR, Thatcher WW, 2000: Effects of dietaryfatty acids on reproduction in ruminants. Rev Reprod 5, 38–45.Mattos R, Staples CR, Williams J, Amorocho A, McGuireMA, Thatcher WW, 2002: Uterine, ovarian, and productionresponses of lactating dairy cows to increasing dietaryconcentrations of menhaden fish meal. J Dairy Sci 85, 755–764.Mattos R, Guzeloglu A, Badinga L, Staples CR, ThatcherWW, 2003: Polyunsaturated fatty acids and bovine interferon-smodify phorbol ester-induced secretion of prostaglandinF2aand expression of prostaglandin endoperoxideÓ 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
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The Ethics and Role of AI in Dogs 1
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Control of Fertility in Females by
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Farm Animals Embryonic Stem Cells 1
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Reproduction Augmentation in Yak an
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408 B ObackNumber of publications20
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