Reproduction in Domestic Animals

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156 H LindebergValtonen M, Jalkanen L, 1993: Species-specific features ofoestrous development and blastogenesis in domestic caninespecies. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 47, 133–137.Valtonen M, King WA, Gustavson I, Ma¨ kinen A, 1985:Embryonic development in the blue fox. Nord Vet Med 37,243–248.Williams ES, Thorne ET, Kwiatkowski DR, Lutz K,Anderson SL, 1992: Comparative vaginal cytology of theestrous cycle of black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes),Siberian polecats (M. eversmanni), and domestic ferret(M. putorius furo). J Vet Diagn Invest 4, 38–44.Author’s address (for correspondence): H Lindeberg, University ofKuopio, Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211Kuopio, Finland. E-mail: lindeber@messi.uku.fiConflict of interest: The author declares no conflict of interest.Ó 2008 The Author. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 157–164 (2008); doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01156.xISSN 0936-6768Physiology of the Canine Anoestrus and Methods for Manipulation of Its LengthJ. de Gier, NJ Beijerink, HS Kooistra and AC OkkensDepartment of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Yalelaan, Utrecht, The NetherlandsContentsProgression from early to late anoestrus is characterized by theappearance of a larger number of gonadotrophin-releasinghormone (GnRH) pulses with a higher amplitude, an increasein the sensitivity of the pituitary to GnRH, an increase inovarian responsiveness to gonadotrophins, and an increase inbasal plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration.A period of increased luteinizing hormone (LH) pulsatilityhas been observed shortly before the onset of pro-oestrus.Apart from these changes in the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxis, the initiation of a new follicular phase in the bitch is alsostimulated by dopaminergic influences other than the accompanyingplasma prolactin decrease. Metergoline, a drug whichin a low dosage lowers the plasma prolactin concentration viaa serotonin-antagonistic pathway, does not shorten theanoestrus; while bromocriptine, in a dosage insufficient tocause a decrease in the plasma prolactin concentration, doesprematurely induce a follicular phase. These observationsindicate that it is not the decrease in the plasma prolactinconcentration, but another dopamine-agonistic influence thatplays a crucial role in the transition to a new follicular phase.The dopamine-agonist induced oestrus is associated with arapid rise in the basal plasma FSH concentration, similar towhat is observed during the physiological late anoestrus.Administration of GnRH, eCG and oestrogens may also beused to induce oestrus but with variable results. Oestrus can beprevented surgically or medically, for which purpose progestagensare the most important drugs. The mechanism is stillunclear, although it has been demonstrated that with continuingmedroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) treatment the FSHresponse to GnRH stimulation decreases and changes occur inthe pulsatile release of the gonadotrophins. In general, LHpulses coincide with a FSH pulse, but during MPA treatment,LH pulses were observed while there was such a small increasein FSH that it was not recognized as significant FSH pulse.Physiology of the Canine AnoestrusHypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axisThe duration of the oestrous cycle of the bitch isconsiderably longer than that of most other domesticanimals. The follicular phase and spontaneous ovulationsare followed by a luteal phase having an average durationof approximately 2 months, irrespective of pregnancy. Anon-seasonal anoestrus, with a duration of 2 to10 months, follows each oestrous cycle (Schaefers-Okkens1996). Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) andluteinizing hormone (LH) play an essential role in theinduction of folliculogenesis and ovulation. The mainregulator of FSH and LH secretion is gonadotrophinreleasinghormone (GnRH). The spontaneous GnRHrelease from excised hypothalamic fragments, thatinclude the ‘mediobasal hypothalamic-preoptic areasuprachiasmaticnucleus units’ derived from beaglebitches at different stages of the oestrous cycle, is pulsatilethroughout all stages of the oestrous cycle. Progressionfrom early to late anoestrus in the bitch is characterized byan increased release of GnRH by the hypothalamus.Especially during late anoestrus GnRH pulse frequency issignificantly increased (Tani et al. 1996). The sensitivityof the pituitary to GnRH and the indirect response of theovary to GnRH of bitches in early and late anoestrus havebeen investigated by way of the intravenous administrationof graded doses of GnRH. The responses, expressedas circulating LH and oestradiol concentration profilesover time, were significantly dose-dependent and higherin late anoestrus than in early anoestrus. In addition,GnRH-induced LH and oestradiol profiles were positivelycorrelated (van Haaften et al. 1994). These resultsindicate that during the course of anoestrus, there is anincrease in the sensitivity of the pituitary to GnRH and inovarian responsiveness to gonadotrophins (Jeffcoate1993; van Haaften et al. 1994).In order to study the role of gonadotrophins duringthe transition from anoestrus to the follicular phase, thepulsatile plasma profiles of LH and FSH were determinedduring early-, mid- and late anoestrus in beaglebitches (Kooistra et al. 1999a). During anoestrus, eachFSH pulse coincided with a LH pulse. The mean plasmaLH concentration of the smoothed baseline and themean area under the curve (AUC) for LH did not differsignificantly when the different phases of anoestrus werecompared. In contrast, the mean plasma FSH concentrationof the smoothed baseline and the AUC for FSHduring late anoestrus was significantly higher than thoseduring mid- and early anoestrus (Kooistra et al. 1999a;Onclin et al. 2001). These observations suggest that anincrease in circulating FSH levels is a key event inovarian folliculogenesis in the dog and consequently forthe termination of anoestrus. Indeed, in most mammalsstudied, FSH is regarded as the most important factor inthe early stages of follicular development, whereas LH isregarded as the primary regulatory factor in the moremature follicles (Moyle and Campbell 1995; Monniauxet al. 1997). Consequently, it may be hypothesized thatat a certain moment during anoestrus, the rising plasmaFSH concentration will exceed the threshold value of themost sensitive follicles of the canine ovarian antralfollicle pool leading to an enhancement of the developmentof these follicles. One of the main effects of FSH isthe acquisition of LH receptors in the granulosa cells.Beyond this stage, LH is progressively able to replaceFSH in supporting follicular maturation (Monniauxet al. 1997). Although FSH pulses appear to occurconcomitantly with LH pulses in all stages of the canineoestrous cycle and anoestrus (Kooistra et al. 1999a),differential regulation of FSH and LH has also beenreported in this species, both during anoestrus, duringthe follicular phase and during the period of ovulationÓ 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
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Reproduction in Domestic AnimalsOff
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Reproductionin Domestic AnimalsTabl
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Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 1-7
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Embryo Biotechnologies in Farm Anim
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Ethical Models for Studying Reprodu
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Dietary Pollutants as Risk Factors
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Factors Influencing Reproduction in
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GH and IGF-I in Cattle and Pigs 33h
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GH and IGF-I in Cattle and Pigs 35h
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GH and IGF-I in Cattle and Pigs 37B
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GH and IGF-I in Cattle and Pigs 39R
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Seasonality of Reproduction in Mamm
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Dominant Follicle Selection in Cows
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Regulation of Luteal Function 59and
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Regulation of Luteal Function 61bov
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Regulation of Luteal Function 63(+/
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Regulation of Luteal Function 65sys
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Captive Breeding of Cheetahs in Sou
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Non-invasive Monitoring of Hormones
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Biotechnology Methods for Preservin
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Biotechnology Methods for Preservin
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Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cow Re
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Nutrient Prioritization and Fertili
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Postpartum Ovarian Activity in Sout
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Reproduction Augmentation in Yak an
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Follicles and Mares 2251982). Simil
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Follicles and Mares 227Studies invo
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Follicles and Mares 229dominant fol
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Follicles and Mares 231trus, spring
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Proteins in Early Equine Conceptuse
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Fertilization in the Porcine Fallop
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Mastitis in Post-Partum Dairy Cows
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Death Ligand and Receptor Pig Ovari
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Death Ligand and Receptor Pig Ovari
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408 B ObackNumber of publications20
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410 B ObackReprogramming Ability of
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