72 HJ Bertsch<strong>in</strong>ger, DGA Meltzer and A van DykFig. 8. Number of litters sired <strong>in</strong> relation to % normal sperm andmajor sperm defects (Bertsch<strong>in</strong>ger and Meltzer 1998)have only 12% normal sperm (80.9% major defects) butwith good motility (75% l<strong>in</strong>ear) and total sperm countof 390 million. Another factor that needs to be evaluatedis the heritability of male fertility or semen quality<strong>in</strong> cheetah.Given the fact that natural breed<strong>in</strong>g can be highlysuccessful, <strong>in</strong> our op<strong>in</strong>ion, there seems to be little<strong>in</strong>dication for the use of assisted reproductive techniques<strong>in</strong> captive cheetahs. In any case, reports of success <strong>in</strong>cheetahs and other large cats with assisted reproductivetechniques are scant, despite the fact that the firstreports date back to 1992 (Howard et al. 1992). Artificial<strong>in</strong>sem<strong>in</strong>ation and <strong>in</strong> vitro fertilization have notimproved fertility and certa<strong>in</strong>ly cannot <strong>in</strong>crease the rateof reproduction or reduce the generation <strong>in</strong>terval. Whilethey may be of use for exchange of genetic material andcontrol of spread of diseases, their role for cheetahconservation is limited.The future of cheetah conservation, as for most if notall wildlife species, will depend on availability of habitatand control of illegal hunt<strong>in</strong>g and trad<strong>in</strong>g with wildcaughtcheetahs. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Marnewick et al. (2007)there were 650 cheetahs <strong>in</strong> 44 captive facilities <strong>in</strong> SouthAfrica <strong>in</strong> 2006. Eleven of these facilities were activelybreed<strong>in</strong>g cheetahs. Exclud<strong>in</strong>g 2000, the average annualnumber of cheetah exported legally from South Africafrom 1996 to 2002 was 30.5. In 2000, 129 cheetahs wereexported. The most likely source for the majority of theanimals exported <strong>in</strong> 2000 is from the wild. As far asillegal hunt<strong>in</strong>g or kill<strong>in</strong>g of cheetahs is concerned thereport <strong>in</strong>dicates that <strong>in</strong> the Thabazimbi district of theLimpopo Prov<strong>in</strong>ce alone, 26 cheetahs were killed over a3-year period from 1999 to 2001. The ma<strong>in</strong> reason forthe kill<strong>in</strong>g of cheetahs is that farmers perceive them as athreat to their stock - both wild and domestic stock. Inorder to protect or save free-rang<strong>in</strong>g cheetahs <strong>in</strong> nonprotectedareas, the de Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Trustestablished the de Wildt Wild Cheetah Project <strong>in</strong> 2000.The goals were to establish numbers of free-rang<strong>in</strong>gcheetahs outside of protected areas, assist farmers <strong>in</strong>trapp<strong>in</strong>g cheetahs <strong>in</strong> areas where they were not wanted,relocate such animals to fenced game reserves and toeducate farmers and communities about the need forcarnivore conservation <strong>in</strong> general. The project has beenmost successful and many farmers now see cheetahs asan asset rather than a liability. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Marnewicket al. (2007), the first cheetahs were caught <strong>in</strong> 2000 andby December 2006, 137 had been removed fromfarmlands. Sixteen of these could not be relocatedbecause of serious <strong>in</strong>juries susta<strong>in</strong>ed before or at thetime of capture. N<strong>in</strong>ety-two animals could be f<strong>in</strong>allyreleased (58 males and 33 females) <strong>in</strong>to areas rang<strong>in</strong>gfrom 1500 to 70 000 ha <strong>in</strong> size. The first cubs were born<strong>in</strong> 2002 and by August 2007 94 cubs (average litter size3.9 cubs) had been born to 23 females. The data showthat, given the habitat and opportunity, cheetah reproducewell <strong>in</strong> the wild.The ma<strong>in</strong> role of captive breed<strong>in</strong>g of cheetahs <strong>in</strong>South Africa should be to curtail illegal trade <strong>in</strong> wildcheetahs. Captive-bred animals from de Wildt have alsobeen successfully released <strong>in</strong>to the wild (Pettifer 1981).Three 5-year-old males were released onto a game farm<strong>in</strong> the Hoedspruit area of the Limpopo Prov<strong>in</strong>ce andhunted spontaneously despite be<strong>in</strong>g born <strong>in</strong> captivityand not hav<strong>in</strong>g been ‘taught’ to hunt. They wereeventually recaptured because of their lack of fear forhumans. This latter problem can be overcome if cubs areraised out of contact with humansConclusionsThe de Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Centre and othershave shown that cheetahs can be bred successfully and<strong>in</strong> a susta<strong>in</strong>ed manner <strong>in</strong> captivity. In order to achievethis, the correct breed<strong>in</strong>g management needs to beapplied. In some smaller South Africa reserves it hasalso become necessary to contracept cheetahs (eithermales or females) to prevent <strong>in</strong>breed<strong>in</strong>g. Deslorel<strong>in</strong>implants (Suprelor<strong>in</strong> Ò , Peptech Animal Health, Sydney,NSW, Australia) provide a safe and reversible methodof contraception for both sexes (Betsch<strong>in</strong>ger et al.2002a; Bertsch<strong>in</strong>ger et al. 2006b). Zoos or sanctuariesthat do not have the facilities, capacity or the necessarycritical mass <strong>in</strong> terms of cheetah numbers, should rathernot attempt breed<strong>in</strong>g. Live animal displays are animportant part of public education and can make avaluable contribution to conservation of a species likethe cheetah. It is advisable to consider tak<strong>in</strong>g animals onloan for display purposes <strong>in</strong> zoos and safari parks. Thesecould be pre-breed<strong>in</strong>g age animals, males with poorsemen quality or animals that are past their prime. It isalso clear that populations <strong>in</strong> zoos and smaller gamereserves need to be managed genetically <strong>in</strong> order toreduce the risks of <strong>in</strong>breed<strong>in</strong>g depression. In order to dothis, a standardized approach should be adopted so that,<strong>in</strong>ternationally, valid comparisons can be made.ReferencesAmann RP, Almquist JO, 1976: Bull management to maximizesperm output. Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of 6th Conference on ArtificialInsem<strong>in</strong>ation and <strong>Reproduction</strong>, Columbia, pp. 1–10.Beekman SPA, de Wit M, Louman J, Louman H, 1997:Breed<strong>in</strong>g and observations on the behaviour of cheetah(Ac<strong>in</strong>onyx jubatus) at the Wassenaar Wildlife Breed<strong>in</strong>gCentre. Int Zoo YB 35, 43–50.Bertsch<strong>in</strong>ger HJ, Meltzer DGA, 1998: <strong>Reproduction</strong> <strong>in</strong> malecheetahs. 2: Sperm morphology. In: Penzhorn BL(ed.),Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of a Symposium on Cheetahs as Game RanchÓ 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
Captive Breed<strong>in</strong>g of Cheetahs <strong>in</strong> South Africa 73<strong>Animals</strong>. Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, WildlifeGroup, South African Veter<strong>in</strong>ary Association, Onderstepoort,23–24 October, pp. 153–158.Bertsch<strong>in</strong>ger HJ, Meltzer DGA, van Dyk A, Coubrough RI,Soley JT, Collett FA, 1984: Cheetah life-l<strong>in</strong>e. Nuclear Active30, 2–7.Bertsch<strong>in</strong>ger HJ, Meltzer DGA, van Dyk A, Strachan A, 1998:Breed<strong>in</strong>g female cheetahs <strong>in</strong> captivity. In: Penzhorn BL(ed.),Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of a Symposium on Cheetahs as Game Ranch<strong>Animals</strong>. Onderstepoort, 23–24 October, pp. 168–174.Bertsch<strong>in</strong>ger HJ, Isenbu¨ gel E, Jannett F, Ossent P, Wild P,2006a: Infertility <strong>in</strong> a pair of Indian lions <strong>in</strong> Zurich Zoo.Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the Hungarian Society of Animal <strong>Reproduction</strong>,Budapest, 26–27 June, pp. 44–46.Bertsch<strong>in</strong>ger HJ, Jago M, No¨ thl<strong>in</strong>g JO, Human A, 2006b:Repeated use of the GnRH analogue deslorel<strong>in</strong> to downregulatereproduction <strong>in</strong> male cheetahs (Ac<strong>in</strong>onyx jubatus).Theriogenology 66, 1762–1767.Bertsch<strong>in</strong>ger HJ, No¨ thl<strong>in</strong>g JO, Nard<strong>in</strong>i RM, Hemmelder S,Broekhuisen MH, 2002b: Collection of semen <strong>in</strong> cheetahs(Ac<strong>in</strong>onyx jubatus) us<strong>in</strong>g electro-ejaculation: attempts toavoid ur<strong>in</strong>e contam<strong>in</strong>ation. Adv Ethol 37, 122.Betsch<strong>in</strong>ger HJ, Trigg TE, Jo¨ chle W, Human A, 2002a:Induction of contraception <strong>in</strong> some African wild carnivoresby down-regulation of LH and FSH secretion us<strong>in</strong>g theGnRH analogue deslorel<strong>in</strong>. <strong>Reproduction</strong> Suppl 60, 41–52.Brown JL, Wildt DE, Wielebnowski N, Goodrowe KL,Graham LH, Wells S, Howard JG, 1996: Reproductiveactivity <strong>in</strong> captive female cheetahs (Ac<strong>in</strong>onyx jubatus)assessed by faecal steroids. J Reprod Fertil 106, 337–346.Caro TM, 1994: Cheetahs of the Serengeti Pla<strong>in</strong>s: GroupLiv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> and Asocial Species. The University of ChicagoPress, Chicago and London.Coubrough RI, Bertsch<strong>in</strong>ger HJ, Soley JT, Meltzer DGA,1976: Some aspects of normal and abnormal spermatozoa <strong>in</strong>cheetah (Ac<strong>in</strong>onyx jubatus). Proc Elect Microscopy SocSouthern Africa 6, 5–6.Coubrough RI, Bertsch<strong>in</strong>ger HJ, Soley JT, 1978: Scann<strong>in</strong>gelectron microscopic studies on cheetah spermatozoa. ProcElectron Microscopy Soc Southern Africa 8, 57–58.Eaton RL, 1970: Notes on the reproductive biology of thecheetah. Int Zoo YB 10, 86–89.Gaur A, Shailaja K, S<strong>in</strong>gh A, 2006: Twenty polymorphicmicrosatellite markers <strong>in</strong> the Asiatic lion (Panthera leopersica). Conserv Gene 7, 1005–1008.Howard JG, Donoghue AM, Barone MA, Goodrowe KL,Blumer ES, Snodgrass K, Starnes D, Tucker M, Bush M,Wildt DE, 1992: Successful <strong>in</strong>duction of ovarian activity andlaparoscopic <strong>in</strong>trauter<strong>in</strong>e artificial <strong>in</strong>sem<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>in</strong> the cheetah(Ac<strong>in</strong>onux jubatus). J Zoo Wildl Med 23, 288–300.Kelly MJ, Laurenson MK, FitzGibbon CD, Coll<strong>in</strong>s DA,Durant SM, Frame GW, Bertram BCR, Caro TM, 1998:Demography of the Serengeti cheetah (Ac<strong>in</strong>onyx jubatus)population: the first 25 years. J Zoo London 244, 473–488.Labuschagne W, 1979: ‘n Bio-ekologiese en gedragstudie vandie jagluiperd, Ac<strong>in</strong>onyx jubatus jubatus (Schreber, 1776).MSc Thesis, University of Pretoria.Louwman JWW, Louwman JCM, 2005: Cheetah breed<strong>in</strong>gprogram at Wassenaar Wildlife Breed<strong>in</strong>g Centre. AnimKeeper’s Forum 7 ⁄ 8, 368–369.Lynch M, Ritland K, 1999: Estimation of pairwise relatednesswith molecular markers. Genetics 152, 1753.Marker-Kraus L, Grisham J, 1993: Captive breed<strong>in</strong>g of cheetahs<strong>in</strong> North American zoos: 1987–1991. Zoo Biol 12, 5–18.Marnewick K, Beckhell<strong>in</strong>g A, Cilliers D, Lane E, Mills G,Herr<strong>in</strong>g K, Caldwell P, 2007: The status of the cheetah <strong>in</strong>South Africa. In: Breitenmoser C and Durant S (eds.), Thestatus and conservation needs of the Cheetah <strong>in</strong> SouthernAfrica. Cat News Special Edition, 22–31.Meltzer DGA, 1987: <strong>Reproduction</strong> <strong>in</strong> male cheetah, Ac<strong>in</strong>onyxjubatus jubatus (Schreber, 1776). MSc Dissertation (Pretoria),p. 118.Meltzer DGA, Mu¨ lders MS, 1998: <strong>Reproduction</strong> <strong>in</strong> malecheetahs: III Reproductive hormones. In: Penzhorn BL(ed.), Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of a Symposium on Cheetahs as GameRanch <strong>Animals</strong>. Onderstepoort, 23–24 October, pp. 159–167.Meltzer DGA, Bertsch<strong>in</strong>ger HJ, van Dyk A, 1998: <strong>Reproduction</strong><strong>in</strong> male cheetahs: I. Breed<strong>in</strong>g management and semenevaluation. In: Penzhorn BL (ed.), Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of a Symposiumon Cheetahs as Game Ranch <strong>Animals</strong>. Onderstepoort,23–24 October, pp. 145–152.O’Brien SJ, Roelke ME, Marker L, Newman A, W<strong>in</strong>kler CA,Meltzer DA, Colly L, Everman JF, Bush M, Wildt DE,1985: Genetic basis for species vulnerability <strong>in</strong> the cheetah.Science 227, 1428–1434.O’Brien SJ, Wildt DE, Bush M, 1986: The cheetah <strong>in</strong> geneticperil. Sci Am 254, 84–92.Oliehoek PA, W<strong>in</strong>dig JJ, van Arendonk JA, Bijma P, 2006:Estimat<strong>in</strong>g relatedness between <strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>in</strong> general populationswith a focus on their use <strong>in</strong> conservation programs.Genetics 173, 483–496.Pettifer HHL, 1981: Experimental release of captive-bredcheetah (Ac<strong>in</strong>onyx jubatus) <strong>in</strong>to the natural environment.In: Chapman JA, Punsman P(eds), Worldwide FurbearerConference Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs, Donnelly, VA, pp. 1–9.Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P, 2000: Inference ofpopulation structure us<strong>in</strong>g multilocus genotype data. Genetics155, 945–959.Sarri KJ, 1994: Estrous behaviour of the female cheetah(Ac<strong>in</strong>onyx jubatus) and the male cheetahs’ response to anestrous female. In: Caro TM (ed.), Cheetahs of the SerengetiPla<strong>in</strong>s: Group Liv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> and Asocial Species. The Universityof Chicago Press, Chicago and London.Ulmer FA, 1957: Cheetahs are born. America’s First Zoo 9, 7.Wang J, 2002: An estimator for pairwise relatedness us<strong>in</strong>gmolecular markers. Genetics 160, 1203–1215.Wildt DE, Seager SWJ, Chakraborty PK, 1980: Effect ofcopulatory stimuli on <strong>in</strong>cidence of ovualtion and serumlute<strong>in</strong>iz<strong>in</strong>g hormone <strong>in</strong> the cat. Endocr<strong>in</strong>ology 107, 1212–1217.Wildt DE, Chan SY, Seager SWJ, Chakraborty PK, 1981:Ovarian activity, circulat<strong>in</strong>g hormones and sexual behaviour<strong>in</strong> the cat. I. Relationships dur<strong>in</strong>g coitus-<strong>in</strong>duced lutealphase and the oestrus period without mat<strong>in</strong>g. Biol Reprod25, 15–28.Wildt DE, Bush M, Howard JG, O’Brien SJ, Meltzer D, VanDijk A, Ebedes H, Brand DJ, 1983: Unique sem<strong>in</strong>al quality<strong>in</strong> the South African cheetah and a comparative evaluation<strong>in</strong> the domestic cat. Biol Reprod 29, 1019–1025.Wildt DE, O’Brien SJ, Howard JG, Caro TM, Roelke ME,Brown JL, Bush M, 1987a: Similarity <strong>in</strong> ejaculate-endocr<strong>in</strong>echaracteristics <strong>in</strong> captive versus free-rang<strong>in</strong>g cheetahs of twosubspecies. Biol Reprod 36, 351–360.Wildt DE, Bush M, Goodrowe KL, Packer C, Pusey AE,Brown JL, Josl<strong>in</strong> P, O’Brien SJ, 1987b: Reproductive andgenetic consequences of found<strong>in</strong>g isolated lion populations.Nature 329, 328–31.Author’s address (for correspondence): HJ Bertsch<strong>in</strong>ger, Section of<strong>Reproduction</strong>, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty ofVeter<strong>in</strong>ary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, SouthAfrica. E-mail: henk.bertsch<strong>in</strong>ger@up.ac.zaConflict of <strong>in</strong>terest: All authors declare no conflict of <strong>in</strong>terests.Ó 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
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330 CR Barb, GJ Hausman and CA Lent
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332 C Galli, I Lagutina, R Duchi, S
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334 C Galli, I Lagutina, R Duchi, S
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336 C Galli, I Lagutina, R Duchi, S
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Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 338-
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340 D Rath and LA JohnsonCommercial
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342 D Rath and LA JohnsonThe Commer
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344 D Rath and LA JohnsonX- and Y-b
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346 D Rath and LA JohnsonWalker SK,
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348 JM Vazquez, J Roca, MA Gil, C C
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350 JM Vazquez, J Roca, MA Gil, C C
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352 JM Vazquez, J Roca, MA Gil, C C
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354 JM Vazquez, J Roca, MA Gil, C C
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356 CBA Whitelaw, SG Lillico and T
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358 CBA Whitelaw, SG Lillico and T
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360 ACO Evans, N Forde, GM O’Gorm
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362 ACO Evans, N Forde, GM O’Gorm
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364 ACO Evans, N Forde, GM O’Gorm
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366 ACO Evans, N Forde, GM O’Gorm
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Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 368-
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370 JP Kastelic and JC Thundathilsp
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372 JP Kastelic and JC Thundathilme
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Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 374-
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376 GC AlthouseTable 1. Potential s
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378 GC Althousesemen to the domesti
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380 B Leboeuf, JA Delgadillo, E Man
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382 B Leboeuf, JA Delgadillo, E Man
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384 B Leboeuf, JA Delgadillo, E Man
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Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 386-
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388 N Kostereva and M-C HofmannFig.
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390 N Kostereva and M-C HofmannMMPs
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392 N Kostereva and M-C HofmannTado
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394 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
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396 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
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398 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
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400 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
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402 K Kikuchi, N Kashiwazaki, T Nag
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404 K Kikuchi, N Kashiwazaki, T Nag
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406 K Kikuchi, N Kashiwazaki, T Nag
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408 B ObackNumber of publications20
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410 B ObackReprogramming Ability of
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412 B Obackstudies have shown that
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414 B ObackFig. 4. Climbing mount e
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416 B ObackRenard JP, Maruotti J, J
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418 P Loi, K Matzukawa, G Ptak, Y N
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420 P Loi, K Matzukawa, G Ptak, Y N
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422 P Loi, K Matzukawa, G Ptak, Y N
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Table of Contents Volume 43 · Supp