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86 CEKTKAL JAVA. 1,13
cKiian-hung, see supra, p. 81, n. 15, it appears from this passage to have been, as also cinnabar,
considered as a staple article of Chinese trade.
7) Crawfurd, op. cit, II, 297 et seqq., says: aThe latter portion of the twelfth century is
the earliest period of Javanese history to which I can with confidence refer. From this time, down
to the establishment of Mahomedanism, at the close of the fifteenth century, a number of 5
considerable, but independent states, existed in Java, and the religion of the people was a
modified Hinduism .... The following are the chief (states) which existed in the three centuries
which preceded the conversion to Mahomedanism: Doho, Brambanan, Madang-kamolan, Jangola,
Singhasari, Pajajaran, and Mojopahit . . . The ruins of Doho are in the fertile district of Kadari,
about the centre of the island, counting by its length and towards the southern coast ... The 10
state which existed at Brambanan flourished about 1266 and 1296 of Christ .... Tradition hands
down to us the name of Madang-kamolan, and, in the district of Wirosobo, the ruins of a palace
are still discernible .... Janggolo and Singhasari, the first in the destrict of Surabaya, and the
last in that of Malang, both towards the eastern part of Java, are said to have flourished at the
same time .... Pajajaran about forty miles from the modern city of Batavia, is pointed out by 15
tradition as the only ancient state of considerable extent, which ever flourished in the country of
the Sundas .... The probability is,- that it flourished during the end of the thirteenth, and the
beginning of the fourteenth centuries of the Christian era. The origin of.,.. Mojopahit remains
as undetermined as that of Pajajaran All accounts agree that Mojopahit was destroyed in
the year 1478 of Christ, and, from presumptive evidence, it is inferred that it may have been 20
founded about a century and a half before .... The ruins of the city of Mojopahit are still visible
in the district of Wirosobo».
Chau Ju-kua places the following states on or near the island of Java: (1) Pai-hua-yflan,
(2) Ma-tung, (3) Hi-ning, (4) Jung-ya-lu also called Chung-kia-lu or Ta-pan, (5) Niu-lun,
(G) Tung-ki, (7) Sin-t'o or Sun-t'a. 25
Pai-hua-yttan is probably Pcjajaran of Crawfurd's list, Ma-tung is his Medang-kamolan,
Hi-ning possibly his Singhasari, Jung-ya-lu is his Janggolo (see supra, p. 66, n. 16(i9), aud Sin-t'o the
Sundas (see supra, p. 66, n. 16(i2) and pp. 70—71). Niu-lun and Tung-ki are unidentified. The latter
may be a Chinese name, it meansaEastern Capes. Schlegel, T'oung pao, 2* ser. IV, 238 thinks Matung
is Batang in E. Java, and Hi-ning probably Giling Trawangan near Bali, but he only bases 30
these identifications on the fact of the names of these localities resembliug phonetically the Chinese.
Chau Ju-kua places the following localities of his list on islands not close to Java:
(7) Ta-kang, (8) Huang-ma-chu, (9) Ma-li, (10) Niu-lun, (11) Tari-jung wu-lo, (12) Ti-wu,
(13) Ping-ya, (14) I-wu, (15) Nu-ku. Nos 7 and 8 remain unidentified. Schlegel, loc. sup. cit.,
suggests that Takang is possibly the old name of Sumarang. Infra, Pt. II. Ch. XII we are told 35
that Ta-kang supplied sandalwood. Ma-li (or Pa-li) is the island of Bali. Niu-lun is unidentified;
Schlegel, loc. sup. cit., thinks it the same as the Ku-lun pirate state mentioned in another
passage of this chapter; he would place it in E. Java. Tan-jung wu-lo suggests Malay Tanjong
Pulo or an Indian form Tanjong pura, and it appears that in the fifteenth century this name
was applied by the Javanese to Borneo. Pelliot, B. E. F. E. 0., IV, 224. Schlegel, loc. sup. 40
cit., says Tan-jung wu-lo must have been on the E. coast of Java. Ti-wu, in Cantonese dialect
Ti-mat, is the island of Timor. In another passage (infra, Ch. XXXIX) the name is written Ti-mon,
and this is the usual transcription. Ping-ya, in Cantonese dialect Pang-ga suggests Banca.
Schlegel, loc. sup. cit., divides the last six characters in the list into two names only, Ping-ya-i
and Wu-nu-ku, but this does not enable Mm to identify them. In Pt. II, Ch. XIV we are told that 45
Huang-ma-chu and Niu-lun produced nutmegs, we may therefore presume that these islands were
near Ceram, Gilolo, Ternate or Amboyna. See Crawfurd, History etc. I, 505. I-wu and Nu-ku,
supposing the names are to be read in this way, suggest nothing.
8) Probably here as in other passages meaning the head-men of the Arabs and other foreign
traders settled in the various localities on the islands. 50
9) This note, like the others, may be by the Ming editor of the Chu-fan chi, as the name of
the places mentioned are written, not as Chau does in the text, but as they were written at a
later period. Pa-li is Bali, and Ku-lun may be Gurong off W. coast of Borneo.