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1,44 KOREA. 169
chong-Tcuan period (A. D. 627— 650) and served as tlie basis for tlie Ta-T'ang K'ai-yiian-li
^° i'^ ^ ^ TC Jis)
^^^ chapters, publisiied in A. D. 713—742, and described in the
Shi-k'u-ts'tiari-sliu-ts'ung-mu, 82,2. The material from which both these works were compiled is
to be found in Tu-Yu's T'ung-tifin, and in the Li-chi (jjjffi ^) division of the T'ang-shu.
5 The phrase of our text is taken from T'ang-shu, 220,15*'.
5) Sung-shi, 487,20* says «Their forms of punishment are neither barbarous nor cruel;
opfen rebels and those who curse their parents are beheaded, all other criminals are punished
with the heavy bamboo on the ribs. Those who have been condemned to death in the provinces
are sent to the capital, where, every year in the eighth moon, there is a revision of criminal
10 cases; capital crimes are commuted to deportation to an island, and other sentences are reduced
or pardons granted)).
6) The Shan-hai-king mentions a ((Country of Gentlemen)) where the people wore modest
clothing and carried swords, and who were of an amiable disposition and not given to litigation.
Liu An (t B. C. 122) in his Huai-nan-tz'i refers to a ((Country of Gentlemen in the East)). Pei-
15 w6n-yfln-fu, 102-4,24. Our author bases presuJnably his application of this name to Korea on the
use made of it by Hing Sh6u during his mission to Korea in A. D. 737 referred to further on (infra,
n. 8) and which is related in T'ang-shu, 220,16*.
7) The information contained in this paragraph, and the previous remarks about examinations,
etc., are derived' from the statements made in A. D. 1015 by the Korean envoy Kuo-
20 Yuan (^K tt'). He said there were neither sheep, hares, camels, buffalo nor donkeys. We have
corrected our author's text accordingly. He said there were two kinds of music called h'lt and
hiang. In a subsequent passage (20*) Sung-shi states that there were two styles of music in Korea,
the right and the left style; the right style is called T'ang-yo[^ ^)°^ ((Chinese musio), the
left Mang-yo (W& ^) or "Tillage musicn is their old music. Conf. infra, p. 171, line 10, Kuo-
25 Yuan said that his countrymen did not use cash, but only stuffs and rice for purposes of barter.
Sung-shi, 487,17 et seqq. under date A. D. 1164, says that in Korea rice and cloth were used to
barter with, for, though there was copper in the country, they had not known how to cast cash,
and had hoarded in their storehouses that which came from China. After the ts ung-ning/peTioi
(A. D. 1102—1106) they learnt how to cast cash, and they had three denominations.
30 8) It was in A. D. 737 that Hing Sh6u was sent on a mission of condolence to Korea on
the death of Hing-kuang (^ ^), king of Sin-lo. When the deceased king's son Ch'ong-k'ing
ascended the throne, the envoy was instructed to state in the name of the Emperor
i^i 1^)
that Sin-lo was styled the ((Country of Gentlemen)), because its people understood poetry and
literature, and that, as Hing Sh6u was deeply versed in literary matters, He had chosen him as
35 His envoy so that he might discuss with them the meaning of the Classics, and impress them with
the mental superiority of the Great Country.
9) On the fang-fong or libanotis root, see Bretschneider, Botanicum Sinicum, III, 76—79.
Fai-fu-tzi (the second character is usually written [Jj^) is an official root, resembling closely
that of the Aconitum. Bretschneider, op. cit., 257—258, and Porter Smith, Materia medica,
40 s. v., Aroidese. Fu-ling a funguslike substance used medicinally by the Chinese. It is the Pachyma
Cocos, Fries, or China-root. It is found also in North America, where it is called «Indian
Breadn. Bretschneider, op. cit., 532—536. ((Serge» is the usual rendering for mau-sU. Sung-
shi, 487,18'', under date A. D. 1164 says that Korea ((is cold and mountainous, the soil is good
for pines (M) and juniper (}jf|[); it produces rice (^Jx,)' '"«* (^)' ^®P ^^^ ^^^^*' ^"* °°
45 Shu (f Jj a glutinous variety of Setaria italica, Kth.). They make wine from rice. Silkworms are
rare, and a piece of silk (|l|) is worth over ten ounces of silver. Clothes are made of hempen
cloth. There are several hundred Chinese, mostly from Fu-kien province, living in the capital
(Pyong-yang), who have come there on trading junks)).
10) It may be that these four characters should be translated ((books printed at Foochow)).