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11,1-2 FRAKKINCEXSE. 195
may be atlie fourth sort» mentioned by Marsden in the preceding note, though no longer known
by the name given it in the T'ang dynasty.
Nearly all the camphor used in China is procured from the Laurus camphora, L., called
Chang {^m)- Nan-yufe-pi-ki (of the eighteenth century), 5,io, says that lung-nau (baroos camphor)
5 comes from Fo-ta-ni ('^ ^ ;^ Patani?). The Cantonese mix it with chang-nau (i. e., camphor
from the Laurus camphora) which comes from Shau-chou (^^ M in Kuang-tung); hence its
name of shau-naun. In northern China camphor is usually called ch'au-nau (iM B^) from Ch'auch6u,
also in Kuang-tung, and not far distant from Shau-chou. This latter name ck'.au-nau must
be the correct form. See also Bretschneider, Botanicon Sinicum, 346 (J. 0. B. K. A. S., XXV).
10 Linschoten, Voyage to the East Indies, II, 118 (Hakl. Soc. edit.) remarks that one pound of
Borneo camphor was worth one hundred pounds of Chin-cheu (i. e., Chinese) camphor.
4) Marsden, op. cit, 123 says: «The camphire oil is a valuable domestic medicine, and
much used by the Sumatrans It is rather a liquid and volatile resin, distilling from one
species of the camphire tree, without any oleaginous quality».
15 Our author states (supra, p. 67) that camphor was also a product of Tan-ma-ling, of Java
(p. 77), and of Ling-ya-ssi-kia (p. 68) Chou K'ii-fei adds Chu-lien. See supra, p, 100, n. 8.
FRANKINCENSE (^ #).
Ju-Mang («milk incense))), or Mn-lu-hiang {"^ P^ ^)S comes from (|j[j)
20 the three Ta-shi countries of Ma-lo-pa, Shi-ho, and Nu-fa, from the depths of the
remotest mountain Valleys. The tree which yields this drug may, on the whole,
be compared to the sung (;^ pine). Its trunk is notched with a hatchet, upon
which the resin flows out, and when hardened, turns into incense, which is
gathered and made into lumps. It is transported on elephants to the Ta-shi
25 (on the coast); the Ta-shi load it upon their ships for barter against other
goods in San-fo-ts'i; and it is for this reason that the incense is commonly
collected at San-fo-ts'i*.
When the foreign merchants come to that place to trade, the Customs
authorities, according to the relative strength of its fragrance, distinguish
30 thirteen classes of incense. Of these, the very best is called Uen-Uang {1^
^),
or «picked incense»: it is round and of the size of the end of a finger;
it is commonly called ti-ju (^fL) or «dripping milk»^ The second quaUty
is called pHng-ju (^ fi) or «potted milk», and its colour is inferior to
that of the «picked incense». The next quality is csMq^ fing-himg {^ ^)
35 or «potted incense», so called, they say, owing to its being prized so much
at the time of gathering, that it is placed in pots {pHng ^). In this pHng-
Uang (variety of frankincense) there are three grades, superior, medium,
and inferior. The next quality is called tai-Mang (^ ^) or «bag incenso);
13*