Chau Ju-Kua - University of Oregon Libraries

78 JAVA. 1)14
nuts, sulphur, saffron {^ 1^^), sapan-wood and parrots. They also pay
attention to the raising of silkworms and the weaving of silk; they have
various coloured brocaded silks (|f ^\ cotton (± ^), and damasked cotton
gauzes (or damasks and cotton cloth ^ ^).
No tea is raised in this country. Their wine is derived from the cocoanut 5
and from the inner part of the Ua-nm-tan (jfeg ^^ fY) tree, which tree has
not been seen by the Chinese, or else it is made by fermenting (the fruits) of
the kmng-lang {-if^ ^, sago palm) and of the areca palm; all of these
(liquors) are clear and well-flavored" (7ff ^ '^ #).
«As to cane sugar, it is brown and white (or brownish white ?) in colour i6
and very sweet to the taste.
«They cast coins in an alloy of copper, silver, white copper {§^), and
tin; sixty of these coins are equal to one tael of gold; thirty two are equal
to half a tael of gold» "-
Foreign merchants use in trading gold and silver of various degrees of is
fineness (^ H :^ ^), vessels made of gold and silver, silk stuffs, black
damasks {% ^), (ssi)-ch'mn-kung^^ ( j|| ^), orris-root, cinnabar, copperas,
alum, borax, arsenic, lacquer-ware, iron tripods and green (or blue ^) and
white porcelain-ware. >
There is a vast store of pepper in this foreign country (j{;(j ^) and the 20
merchant ships, in view of the profit they derive from that trade, are in the
habit of smuggling (out of China) copper cash for bartering purposes. Our
Court has repeatedly forbidden all trade (with this country), but the foreign
tl-aders, for the purpose of deceiving (the government), changed its name and
referred to it as Su-ki-tan" (^ ^ ^). . 25
Notes.
1) Although it is possible that the Chinese may have heard of Java as early a&the middle
of the third century A. D., under the name of Chu-p'u(^ ^; see Pelliot, B. E. F. E. 0. IV,
270), it was in the early part of the fifth century that authentic mention was made of it by the
pilgrim Fa-hien, who gave it its Sanskrit name Ye-p'o-t'i(H|J ^^^ '1^^ i. e., Tavadmpa). In 43S, 30
and again in 435 Javanese came to the Chinese Court, at which time their country is referred
to by the Chinese (Sung-shu, 5) as the island of Sho-p'o (BS 1^ fj\\)- From this time
on relations were maintained between the two countries. In the sixth and seventh centuries, the
Chinese wrote the name Sh6-p'u (jlj^ wi)' ^^^ *^® ^'^^ character was not infrequently
erroneously written Tu (>ht)> as in Ma Tuan-lin, 332. In the Mongol period Java was known to
the Chinese by the name of Chau-wa
(J(^ |^),
35
sometimes wrongly written Kua-wa (JJ^ ^),
and this name has continued in use ever since; though in the Ming period it was also known as
Shun-ta(||^ ^), Hia-kiang ("j^ y^) and Fu-kia-lung. See Tung-si-yang-k'au, 8,1. In the
fifth century the Chinese are believed to have referred to Java under the names of Ho-lo-tan
(Bpr ^S iS) and Ho-ling
(g^f |®j),
the latter being presumably a transcription of the name 40
Kalinga, from which part of India the Hindu settlers in Java had for the most part come. Gr-oe-
neveldt, Notes, 15; Gerini, however, thinks that Ho-lo-tan was in Siam and Ho-ling in the