The Syntax of Early English - Cryptm.org

An outline of Middle English syntax 87The use of unsupported ne here could be seen as a case of negative concorddue to the negative character of the main clause.Other types of clauses in which unsupported ne occurred are rather similar:it was found in inherently negative situations, i.e. contexts which are semanticallynegative and therefore may dispense with an explicit negator (for a list ofthese see Klima 1964). Examples are comparative clauses as in (55), conditionalclauses as in (56), after verbs like douten, denyen, forsaken, etc., and afterlest, as in (57).(55) And thanne al the derknesse of his mysknowynge shall [schewen]and then all the darkness of his mis-knowing shall showmore evydently to the sighte of his undirstondynge then the sonnemore evidently to the sight of his understanding than the sunne semeth to the sighte withoute-forth.not seems to the sight on-the-outside‘And then all the darkness of his wrong thoughts shall show up moreclearly to his mental sight than the clarity of the sun does to his outwardsight.’ (Chaucer Boece III m.11, 24)(56) If God ne kepe the citee, in ydel waketh he that it kepethif God not keep the city, in idelness watches he that it keeps‘If God may not guard the city, he who does guard it, keeps watch in vain’(Chaucer Melibee 1304)(57) . . . ther bihoveth greet corage agains Accidie, lest that it nethere behoves great courage against Sloth lest that it notswolwe the soule by the synne of sorwe, or destroye it by wanhope.swallow the soul by the sin of sorrow or destroy it by despair‘great strength is needed against Sloth lest it swallows up the soul throughthe sin of sorrow or destroys it through despair.’ (Chaucer Parson 731)In all these instances, then, the presence of unsupported ne can be explainedas a case of negative concord, i.e. ne is induced by the (implicit) negativealready present. The situation was thus similar to the use of supported ne inOld English and in Middle English in combination with another negativeelement in the clause.The disappearance of ne precipitates the erosion of multiple negation. Thenext step in this process was not taken until the Modern English period, i.e. itwas still normal in Middle English, when two or more indefinite pronouns oradverbs were present, for all of these to be negative rather than for the negativeelement to be attached only to the first indefinite in the clause (orexpressed by not when present). Thus, Chaucer still wrote,(58) But nevere gronte he at no strook but oon‘But never groaned he at no blow but one’ (Chaucer Monk 2709)where present-day English would prefer ‘but he never groaned at any of theblows except one’. In Middle English the use of any, etc. was still confined to