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178 The syntax of early EnglishIt is difficult to say what structure the grammar of the older generationassigned to sentences like (83) and (84). For them, they may have beeninstantiations of overt object movement to Spec,AgrOP, much as shown in(72) and (74), in which case the change which took place around 1400 wouldamount to a structural reanalysis, with instances of overt movement to AgrOPbeing reinterpreted as instances of overt movement to NegP and movement toTopP. But perhaps the sentences had these structures before 1400 too, in whichcase they did not undergo any change, and all that happened was the loss ofthe general option of overt object movement to AgrOP. Deciding betweenthese two possibilities is no simple matter and can only be done on the basisof a full description of the facts of negation and topicalization in fourteenthandfifteenth-century English.What, finally, is our overall assessment of the approach to the changes inEnglish word order based on VO as a uniform underlying order, with movementto preverbal position being due to the need for feature checking? Theapproach has some possible weaknesses, which have to do partly with theoryinternalissues and partly with empirical matters. Thus, the apparent optionalityof overt object movement in (Late) Old English and Middle English maybe problematic. It can be captured within this framework, but only by eithera mechanical application of the notions ‘weak’ and ‘strong’ or a fairly drasticrevision of key concepts of the framework. There is, moreover, as yet no convincingway of linking feature strength to the presence or absence of overt casemorphology. The vital role played by feature checking of the object also meansthat the analysis cannot be straightforwardly used to explain the order ofother elements vis-à-vis the verb. Furthermore, the analysis has nothing to sayabout the rapid increase of surface VO order in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.On the other hand, empirical work by Pintzuk (1991, 1996) and Kroch andTaylor (1994) has made clear that the crucial case of VO order with a lightobject in an embedded clause was neither new nor categorical in early thirteenth-centurytexts: it first arose in Late Old English and did not become categoricaluntil the late fourteenth century. In addition, the potential problemsof the checking approach need to be weighed against some positive strengths.First of all, this approach has the advantage of being rooted in a relativelywell-articulated structural theory of word order. Moreover, it can be appliedto the Old and Middle English evidence on object positions with a fair degreeof success: nearly all the empirical data can be accounted for by the application,overtly or covertly, of object movement into AgrOP. As we have seen, theanalysis also receives support from the fact that the various OV patterns disappeararound the same time, and it suggests possible (though still tentative)
The loss of object–verb word order 179connections between this change and at least two other changes occurring inthe same period. Lastly, the feature-checking framework also suggests plausiblestructures for the few OV patterns that survive for another 150 years: theycan be viewed as instances of movement of the object to a functional projectionother than AgrOP, thus accounting for their survival after other cases ofOV order had ceased to be productive.
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CAMBRIDGE SYNTAX GUIDESGeneral edit
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PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF
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viContents5 The loss of object-verb
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viiiPrefaceThe choice of topics was
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Editions usedThe editions cited in
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xiiEditions usedBen.Rule(1) E. A. K
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xivEditions usedHomU 46(Nap 57) Hom
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xviEditions used2.20a, 2.22a, 2.26a
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xviiiEditions usedWooing Lord R. Mo
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2 The syntax of early Englishcontai
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4 The syntax of early Englishdiscre
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6 The syntax of early English1.2.1.
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8 The syntax of early Englishin tha
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34 The syntax of early Englishclose
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36 The syntax of early Englishdown,
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38 The syntax of early Englishclear
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40 The syntax of early EnglishOld E
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42 The syntax of early English(8) a
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44 The syntax of early EnglishPrepo
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48 The syntax of early Englishb. li
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50 The syntax of early English(34)
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52 The syntax of early Englishe. æ
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56 The syntax of early Englishclaus
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58 The syntax of early English2.5.1
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60 The syntax of early Englishc. On
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62 The syntax of early Englishcompl
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64 The syntax of early EnglishA par
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66 The syntax of early Englishdiscu
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3An outline of Middle English synta
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70 The syntax of early Englishprese
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82 The syntax of early Englishthe o
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86 The syntax of early Englishwhich
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88 The syntax of early Englishimpli
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92 The syntax of early EnglishThe u
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94 The syntax of early EnglishAs in
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96 The syntax of early EnglishA com
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98 The syntax of early Englishand f
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An outline of Middle English syntax
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4The Verb-Second constraint and its
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110 The syntax of early EnglishSuch
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112 The syntax of early Englishallo
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114 The syntax of early EnglishC-Ve
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Page 200 and 201: 6Verb-particles in Old and Middle E
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230 The syntax of early English(22a
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232 The syntax of early Englishmatr
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236 The syntax of early Englishfunc
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238 The syntax of early Englishto V
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244 The syntax of early English(36a
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246 The syntax of early Englishc. I
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248 The syntax of early EnglishAppe
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250 The syntax of early EnglishAppe
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Appendix Ctype of inf. predicate cl
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Appendix C (cont.)type of inf. pred
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8The history of the ‘easy-to-plea
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258 The syntax of early English‘e
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260 The syntax of early EnglishHere
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262 The syntax of early Englishcorr
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264 The syntax of early Englishread
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274 The syntax of early EnglishThis
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9Grammaticalization and grammar cha
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286 The syntax of early EnglishThe
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310 The syntax of early Englishcann
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316 The syntax of early Englishdeta
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Appendix (Fischer 1994a)A1 A2object
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ReferencesAdams J. N. 1994a. Wacker
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324 ReferencesBybee, Joan, Revere P
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326 References1995. The Distinction
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328 ReferencesHopper, Paul and Eliz
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330 References(ed.) 1999. The Cambr
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332 Referencesand Perfect Tense Aux
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334 ReferencesStockwell, Robert P.
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IndexA-bar movement see wh-movement
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338 Indexinput-matching 12-15interl
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340 IndexOld English (cont.)and Wes
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