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246 The syntax of early Englishc. Ick . . . salse . . . maken verstroyt te wordenIck . . . shall them make dispersed to be‘I shall cause them to be dispersed’ (Ezech.6, Kantt.11, WNT IX,123)The example in (38c) is especially interesting because it occurs with a causative.Since in Dutch SOV structures were retained in subordinate clauses, theold active type of infinitive construction, common also in Old English (cf.(21i b and 21ii b)), remained the rule, and indeed we usually find the activeinfinitive there all through the history of Dutch. Thus, (38c) would be inModern Dutch:(38)c. Ik zal ze laten (maken) verstrooien‘I will them let disperse’An example from seventeenth century Dutch is given in (39).(39) De welke [de preek] geeindigd zijnde; deed hij den brief terwhich [the sermon] ended being did he the letter from-thestoel aflezenpulpit off-read‘And after it had ended, he let the letter be read from the pulpit’(Hooft Historien, Nijhoff 1947 [1978]: 180)The evidence from Dutch thus seems to suggest quite strongly that the strategyof least salience by itself was not sufficient to gain the Latinate AcI a footholdin the language. The extra NP argument that the Latin constructionintroduced before the infinitive remained an awkward element, apparentlyeven when put in a less awkward position. The data from Dutch and Englishrather seem to show that the borrowing of a foreign construction was madepossible ultimately by (the changes in) the syntactic structure of the receivinglanguage, and that therefore, although internal and external factors were bothresponsible for the introduction of this AcI, it is the internal grammaticalfactors in this case of change which play the more crucial role.Reconsidering the factors promoting the acceptance of the ECM inEnglish, we find that a chain of changes was set in motion by the word orderchange (involving the constructions given in (3i, 3ii), involving reanalysis andanalogical extension of the infinitival construction after causatives and perceptionverbs, and of the (for) NP to V construction. The influence from Latinwas present all along, but only became effective when the syntactic structuresof English had been altered in such a way that Latin AcI’s resembled the newnative AcI’s. This case also suggests that for borrowing on the syntactic level,length and intensity of contact alone may not be sufficient. Linguists ratherdiffer in their opinions on how permeable the syntactic level is compared to
Changes in infinitival constructions 247other (phonological, lexical) levels of language. Birnbaum (1984: 34), forinstance, believes that the syntactic component is as susceptible to foreign elementsas the lexical component (see also note 17), and cf. also Danchev (1984:50), who voices a similar opinion. Others support the conclusion drawn here(e.g. Bock 1931: 116; Sørensen 1957: 133; Aitchison 1991: 114–17; Mithun1992).
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CAMBRIDGE SYNTAX GUIDESGeneral edit
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PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF
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viContents5 The loss of object-verb
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viiiPrefaceThe choice of topics was
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Editions usedThe editions cited in
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xiiEditions usedBen.Rule(1) E. A. K
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xivEditions usedHomU 46(Nap 57) Hom
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xviEditions used2.20a, 2.22a, 2.26a
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xviiiEditions usedWooing Lord R. Mo
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2 The syntax of early Englishcontai
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4 The syntax of early Englishdiscre
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6 The syntax of early English1.2.1.
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40 The syntax of early EnglishOld E
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50 The syntax of early English(34)
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58 The syntax of early English2.5.1
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3An outline of Middle English synta
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An outline of Middle English syntax
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4The Verb-Second constraint and its
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5The loss of object-verb word order
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6Verb-particles in Old and Middle E
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182 The syntax of early Englishto t
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186 The syntax of early English6.3.
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188 The syntax of early EnglishVerb
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190 The syntax of early Englishc. a
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Page 272 and 273: Appendix Ctype of inf. predicate cl
Page 274 and 275: Appendix C (cont.)type of inf. pred
Page 276 and 277: 8The history of the ‘easy-to-plea
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Appendix (Fischer 1994a)A1 A2object
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ReferencesAdams J. N. 1994a. Wacker
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324 ReferencesBybee, Joan, Revere P
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326 References1995. The Distinction
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328 ReferencesHopper, Paul and Eliz
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330 References(ed.) 1999. The Cambr
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332 Referencesand Perfect Tense Aux
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334 ReferencesStockwell, Robert P.
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IndexA-bar movement see wh-movement
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338 Indexinput-matching 12-15interl
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340 IndexOld English (cont.)and Wes
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