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136 The syntax of early Englishwere lost. This ties in with current literature in which V-movement strategies arekeyed to the presence of inflectional morphology, e.g. Roberts (1993) andRohrbacher (1994).There are some drawbacks to the postulation of loss of morphology as atrigger for loss of V-movement: the most important reservation may certainlybe that such an analysis of the change has important implications for how languagechange works, for it implies that language learners draw conclusionsabout word order, not on the basis of word order patterns themselves, but onthe basis of inflectional morphology. This recalls our discussion in section 1.2on the question to what extent grammar change can reasonably be supposedto be UG-driven. Let us consider this in some more detail for the case in point:suppose there was some stage at which the word order patterns still give clearevidence for V-movement to F (i.e. we still have robust inversion of nominalsubjects in topic-initial constructions), but agreement morphology lacks therelevant specifications. This scenario allows for the possibility that the languagelearner concludes that the relevant agreement specifications are missingand that the finite verb must hence not be moved to F, even though the wordorder patterns give clear evidence for this. This means that the languagelearner ignores positive word order evidence and constructs a grammar thatsystematically deviates from his language environment. While there are somecase studies in the literature which suggest that this can happen (in particular,Henry (1997); a similar approach is allowed for by the theory presented inClark and Roberts (1993), both discussed in 1.2), many others believe that thisis not how word order change can work. They would prefer an approach inwhich changes in word order patterns are analysed in their own terms, andwould favour an analysis in which we could see that the evidence for certainpatterns becomes too infrequent. For instance, Lightfoot (1999), working onthe cue-based model of grammar acquisition, follows up on the grammarcompetition approach in Kroch and Taylor (1997), and suggests that, as aresult of dialect contact between the Northern and Southern dialects, the cuefeeding into the parameter setting for Verb-Second, verb–subject order aftera topic, fell below the required threshold of robustness. It is unclear, however,whether this hypothesis will stand the test of detailed quantitative investigation,which has yet to be done. We will leave the matter for further exploration.Summarizing, we have considered in this chapter a detailed argumenttowards the proper analysis of Old English word order where it concerns theposition of the finite verb. There is good reason to analyse negative-initial sentencesand questions as involving movement of the finite verb to the C-positionin the structure (72) throughout the history of English. Subject-initial
The Verb-Second constraint and its loss 137sentences and topic-initial sentences are a different matter: in Old English,subjects and topics occur in the Spec,CP position in root clauses, whereas thefinite verb moves to F. In topic-initial clauses, pronouns appear on the left ofthe finite verb in F (and to the left of the second negation element), whereasnominal subjects appear on the right of finite verb and second negationelement. During the late Middle English and early Modern periods, movementof the finite verb to F was lost, for which we have tentatively suggesteda motivation.
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CAMBRIDGE SYNTAX GUIDESGeneral edit
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PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF
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viContents5 The loss of object-verb
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viiiPrefaceThe choice of topics was
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Editions usedThe editions cited in
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xiiEditions usedBen.Rule(1) E. A. K
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xivEditions usedHomU 46(Nap 57) Hom
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xviEditions used2.20a, 2.22a, 2.26a
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xviiiEditions usedWooing Lord R. Mo
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2 The syntax of early Englishcontai
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6 The syntax of early English1.2.1.
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40 The syntax of early EnglishOld E
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58 The syntax of early English2.5.1
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3An outline of Middle English synta
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Page 200 and 201: 6Verb-particles in Old and Middle E
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186 The syntax of early English6.3.
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188 The syntax of early EnglishVerb
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250 The syntax of early EnglishAppe
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Appendix Ctype of inf. predicate cl
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Appendix C (cont.)type of inf. pred
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8The history of the ‘easy-to-plea
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9Grammaticalization and grammar cha
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Appendix (Fischer 1994a)A1 A2object
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ReferencesAdams J. N. 1994a. Wacker
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324 ReferencesBybee, Joan, Revere P
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326 References1995. The Distinction
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328 ReferencesHopper, Paul and Eliz
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330 References(ed.) 1999. The Cambr
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332 Referencesand Perfect Tense Aux
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334 ReferencesStockwell, Robert P.
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IndexA-bar movement see wh-movement
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338 Indexinput-matching 12-15interl
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340 IndexOld English (cont.)and Wes
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