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xviiiEditions usedWooing Lord R. Morris (ed.) 1868. Old English Homilies (EETS 34) pp.269–87. 3.69, 8.55WPal. G. H. V. Bunt (ed.) 1985. William ofPalerne: an Alliterative Romance,Groningen: Bouma. 3.21Wycl Clergy HP in F. D. Matthew (ed.) 1880. English Works ofWyclif(EETS 74), pp. 359–404. 8.60Wycl Feigned Cont. Life K. Sisam (ed.) 1921. Fourteenth Century Verse &Prose, Oxford: Clarendon, pp. 119–28. 4.81bWycl Leaven Pharisees in F. D. Matthew (ed.) 1880. English Works ofWyclif(EETS 74), pp. 1–27. 8.58Wycl.Serm. (Arnold) T. Arnold (ed.) 1869–71. Selected English Works ofJohn Wyclif, 3 vols., Oxford: Clarendon. 7.20aWycl.Serm. A. Hudson (vols. I, III) and P. Gradon (vol. II) (eds.) 1983–90.English Wycliffite Sermons, Oxford: Clarendon. 4.81a
1Language change and grammar change1.1 Introductiona com of more under misthleoumGrendel gongan, Godes yrre bær;mynte se manscaa manna cynnessumne besyrwan in sele am hean. (Beo 710–13)These are four lines from one of the earliest Old English texts, the famousheroic poem Beowulf, which was composed over one thousand years ago. Thispiece of language, indeed Old English in general, is almost completely unreadablewithout specialized training; the most an unskilled reader will recognizeis a few words still around in the language, like of and under. A word-by-wordtranslation is: then came from moor under misty cliffs / Grendel go, God’sanger bore / meant the foul-foe of-the-men / one trap in hall the high. An idiomatictranslation into Modern English is: ‘Then from the moor under themisty cliffs came Grendel, bearing God’s anger. The foul foe meant to trap oneof the men in the high hall.’ Leaving aside phonological and lexical differences,which are not our concern in this book, it is not difficult to spot differences insentence construction between these four lines and the present-day language.For instance, the word order Then came from the moor . . . is at best a stylisticallymarked option in present-day English, and the word order with the finiteverb in initial position in line 3 is ungrammatical: meant the foul foe . . . Otherdifferences are the combination of the verbs ‘come’ and ‘intend’ with a bareinfinitive, as in com . . . Grendel gongan, and mynte . . . besyrwan. A furtherdifference is the word order of the nominal group sele am hean ‘hall the high’.Beside these, the language of Beowulf has a system of cases and of verbendings, and there are various other syntactic differences apparent from thesefour lines of text. Many of these differences will be discussed or touched uponin the chapters to come, though not all of them, for it is not the aim of thisbook to give an inventory of the syntactic changes that have taken place in thehistory of English. This is a task that is best left to handbooks, such as thevarious volumes of The Cambridge History ofthe English Language, which1
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An outline of Middle English syntax
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4The Verb-Second constraint and its
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6Verb-particles in Old and Middle E
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Appendix Ctype of inf. predicate cl
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Appendix C (cont.)type of inf. pred
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8The history of the ‘easy-to-plea
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9Grammaticalization and grammar cha
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Appendix (Fischer 1994a)A1 A2object
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ReferencesAdams J. N. 1994a. Wacker
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324 ReferencesBybee, Joan, Revere P
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326 References1995. The Distinction
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328 ReferencesHopper, Paul and Eliz
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330 References(ed.) 1999. The Cambr
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332 Referencesand Perfect Tense Aux
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334 ReferencesStockwell, Robert P.
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IndexA-bar movement see wh-movement
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338 Indexinput-matching 12-15interl
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340 IndexOld English (cont.)and Wes
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