Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conservation And Development In A ...

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availability, often fermented to make wines or left for consumption by foraging animals. During the course of the study, a representative of a British company trading in dried tropical fruits visited some South Rupununi villages investigating potential supplies. Despite having provided solar dryers, which a group of several women invested large amounts of time in using to dry fairly substantial quantities of fruit, he reportedly failed to fulfil a promise to make a return visit to collect the goods. This outcome is somewhat unfortunate, as the levels of interest shown demonstrate such a project — transforming a perishable surplus that would otherwise be wasted into a more long-lived product with commercial value — to be of potential value in local economic development. Table 4.3. Percentage of interviewees listing fruit trees grown to indicate the presences of particular species English name Latin name Percentage of respondents reporting presence Coconuts Cocos nucifera 74 Mango Mangifera indica 63 Guavas Psidium guajava 39 Cashew Anacardium occidentale 39 Jamoon Syzygium cuminii 37 Oranges Citrus sinensis 30 Whitee Inga sp. 24 Dunks Zizyphus mauritania 22 Soursop Annona muricata 17 Lemon Citrus limon 11 Sugar Apple Annona squamosa 9 Locust Hymenaea oblongifolia 7 Lime Citrus aurantiifolia 6 Tamarin Tamarindus indica 6 Cherry Malphigia punicifolia 6 Grape Citrus paradisi 6 ‘Gooseberry’ Not identified 4 Passion Passiflora edulis 4 Tangerines Citrus reticulata 2 Carambola Averrhoa carambola 2 Breadfruit Artocarpus altilis 2 Pear Persea americana 2 Sapodilla Manilkara zapota 2 Pawpaw Carica papaya 2
When growing in large stands, mango trees especially provide an important source of shade for domestic animals. Stands of fruit trees on the savannah may also form the basis of the formation of ‘bush islands’ (Salisbury 1968: 12-14), although the botanical composition of these patches of vegetation and the processes involved in their establishment and expansion have not been investigated sufficiently to determine if this is indeed the case. Ethnoecological evidence reported by Salisbury (1968: 8) suggests that at least some of the islands predate Wapishana occupation of the South Rupununi, and the size of some of the larger islands would appear to preclude an anthropogenic origin, via processes akin to those described by Salisbury (also cf. Posey 1985), within the interval since the first Wapishana immigration into the region. These larger islands are the major sites of agriculture in the villages of the central savannahs, Potarinau, Sawariwau and Katoonarib. The name of the latter, in fact, is derived from the Wapishana term for these formations. Cultivation of staple crops on the savannahs proper is far more limited in extent. In Maruranau, two families practice corral agriculture, growing cassava and other crops in fenced areas fertilised by their previous use as corrals for cows, when they are rounded up for the purposes of milking and branding during the breeding season. This practice is made possible by the fact that both of these families possess relatively large herds of cattle, and it seems unlikely that it could be adopted within the population as whole without large increases in stocking rates. Within Maruranau there are high levels of interest in increasing the use of the savannah for agricultural purposes. In a series of NGO-funded workshops aimed at generating community- determined proposals for development projects, residents of Maruranau devised a project proposal centred around experimental investigations of savannah agriculture. Although a lack of funding has meant that no concrete action has been taken, it demonstrates the interest that exists locally in this type of innovation. A major incentive in this is that people are becoming increasingly aware of the time and labour inputs involved in travel to and from the farm and the transport of crops to the homestead, and in particular the demands imposed upon women by this. The opportunity to locate the household's main farm closer to the homestead on the savannah would thus assist to alleviate the domestic workload. Elsewhere, workers resident at the outstations of Dadanawa are given strong encouragement to practice corral agriculture by the management. In Sand Creek, the former health worker, a progressive thinker who lived for a number of years outside the Rupununi and is married to a coastlander, has a strong interest in savannah agriculture, and retired her post in order to have free time to dedicate to the pursuit
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Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conserv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1. MAP OF
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intro
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subsistence strategies to exemplify
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context is provided by Wapishana cu
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a 'need' for meat even if their phy
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phenomenon and thus arguing that in
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populations of beaver and caribou (
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practice (Sillitoe 1998: 228-9). Th
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1.2.4 Does the nature of ethnoecolo
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presented on cultural ecology. This
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Riviere identifies cognatic descent
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the village and out in the forest.
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CHAPTER 2: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND D
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groups also comprise the majority i
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provides national-level representat
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around 4,000 km 2 and excluding man
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industries have been identified as
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events was the subject of much conc
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Changes in the global economy seem
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significant improvements in the sit
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industry rapidly disappeared. A pro
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Wapishana communities in which he w
Page 51 and 52: correspond to a remarkably high pro
Page 53 and 54: Thorbjarnarson 1991; Ojasti 1991; T
Page 55 and 56: 2.6 Conservation interest in Guyana
Page 57 and 58: outreach in 1995, links between Iwo
Page 59 and 60: 2.6.3 Other Activities Relating to
Page 61 and 62: enefit of the entire national popul
Page 63 and 64: forests of the Rupununi River itsel
Page 65 and 66: anchers narrowly failed in their al
Page 67 and 68: eleased, but it may well be that Co
Page 69 and 70: Information collected over the cour
Page 71 and 72: from the early 19th century unambig
Page 73 and 74: south as Kujuwini (Riviere 1963: 13
Page 75 and 76: Dadanawa in 1977, has a Wapishana m
Page 77 and 78: Wapishana resident in indigenous se
Page 79 and 80: through this body that the member v
Page 81 and 82: 162). Extensive changes in the over
Page 83 and 84: Brethren faith, and has constructed
Page 85 and 86: Many labour emigrants spend several
Page 87 and 88: freedom and independence of local p
Page 89 and 90: CHAPTER 4: WAPISHANA CULTURAL ECOLO
Page 91 and 92: Table 4.1. Percentage of households
Page 93 and 94: Figure 4.1. Map of Maruranau’s fa
Page 95 and 96: edge, or in patch of savannah withi
Page 97 and 98: that of previous studies of Wapisha
Page 99 and 100: other cassava drinks and those made
Page 101: and is effectively a volunteer spec
Page 105 and 106: Bananas Musa spp. 8 Thyme Lippia mi
Page 107 and 108: crop. According to the reports of p
Page 109 and 110: alone. A variety of binas 4 may be
Page 111 and 112: manicole (Euterpe spp.), or a combi
Page 113 and 114: areas on higher ground. Parrots and
Page 115 and 116: egarded as edible were omitted, alo
Page 117 and 118: Table 4.7 Animal categories reporte
Page 119 and 120: when the mother has been hunted, an
Page 121 and 122: and most of these in very small num
Page 123 and 124: that the take had diminished rapidl
Page 125 and 126: Oenocarpus 5 were treated as a sing
Page 127 and 128: egularly visited areas, but as thes
Page 129 and 130: of the European pig (Schomburgk 192
Page 131 and 132: individual resident in Aishalton be
Page 133 and 134: Useful trees were assigned to use c
Page 135 and 136: Total number of uses 120 100 80 60
Page 137 and 138: that the proportion of segregates w
Page 139 and 140: CHAPTER 5: SYMBOLISM 5.1 Syncretism
Page 141 and 142: clear that many aspects of knowledg
Page 143 and 144: malevolent purposes associated with
Page 145 and 146: ivers, especially at rapids or deep
Page 147 and 148: myself suffered a mysterious and hi
Page 149 and 150: 5.5 Ecological Implications The maj
Page 151 and 152: of spider monkey meat may, however,
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CHAPTER 6: ETHNOECOLOGY This chapte
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themselves. Such a circumstance aro
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may reflect local phenotypic divers
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format employed allows analysis to
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people use this and for what?", "Ho
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6.2.2 Mechanisms of acquisition of
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my part. In all cases I looked for
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mobility prevented this. Three of t
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Opinion was also divided about the
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6.3.5 Red-rumped agouti, ‘rabbit
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occupied in the dry season are aban
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6.3.8 ‘Baboon’, red howler monk
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dynamics were considered by three i
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there was a seasonal food shortage
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din (an unidentified felid, probabl
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evealed information about this impo
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this could be conducted by examinin
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CHAPTER 7: ETHNOECOLOGY 2 - COMPARI
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caatinga (Olmos 1993), and were als
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Overall, the dietary data in the pr
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Studies from Brazil and Peru report
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Table 7.5. List of food plants reco
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cassava (Manihot esculenta), black-
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7.6 Orange-rumped agouti Table 7.9.
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availability is at its seasonal low
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7.8 Black spider monkey Specific fo
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from the current data set almost ce
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Table 7.16. Comparison of ethnoecol
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families Arecaceae (Palmae), Meliac
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Other ethnoecological data is compa
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the Wapishana biological lexicon. T
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as concrete stimuli for responses.
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CHAPTER 8: APPLICATIONS OF ETHNOECO
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herd, anticipate its movements and
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for several consecutive nights unti
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The gathering of eggs of turtles an
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importance of particular foods, esp
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Food plant Score Freq. Fruits eaten
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esearch later collaborated on biolo
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weaknesses correspond to some of th
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Subsistence is also heavily depende
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the most interesting questions. Did
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9.3 Does the existing social-ecolog
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avoidance by people of particular a
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via the exploitation of locally-ava
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provide conceptual tools useful in
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in such a way as to be complementar
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consultation on all matters affecti
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10.2 Research findings and their im
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societies with other parties with w
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10.4 Suggestions for further resear
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REFERENCES Agrawal, A. 1995. ‘Dis
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Barreto, G.R., O.E. Hernandez and J
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Clement, C.R. 1993. 'Native Amazoni
Page 265 and 266:
EPA 1999. 'National Biodiversity Ac
Page 267 and 268:
Government of Guyana 1996. 'Proceed
Page 269 and 270:
Johnson, W.A. 1974. ‘Ethnoecology
Page 271 and 272:
Millner-Gulland, E.J. and R. Mace 1
Page 273 and 274:
Posey, D.A., J. Frechione, J. Eddin
Page 275 and 276:
Salisbury, R.F., M.J. Dummett, T.L.
Page 277 and 278:
Turner, H.E. 1972. ‘The Rupununi
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APPENDICES These appendices list Wa
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Wapishana name Creole name Scientif
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Wapishana Name Creole Name Scientif
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