Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conservation And Development In A ...

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that strongly indicate prior unsustainable levels of exploitation (chapters 4.5.1, 8.1.5). In each of these examples, however, the reported decline has been of a very large magnitude. My overall impression is that it is only in such dramatic cases can ethnoecology, used in isolation, provide a reliable indication of sustainability. In most circumstances it must also be employed in conjunction with scientific methods. Evaluation of sustainability in scientific ecology generally takes the form of observations of changes in abundance of animals. This may be either sightings per unit survey effort or, in the case of exploited populations, catch per capture unit effort. This is essentially a formalisation of the method employed by people in observing the declines in abundance of particular species reported above. In the informal case, the accuracy is limited by the unreliability of human memory - perceptions of abundance will generally be very impressionistic, and memories of the time-scales over which they occur unreliable. Scientific biology collects such observations in a systematic and accurate fashion, such that their precision and utility are far greater, and thus provides a more powerful framework for their recording and analysis. This approach can, in turn, be enhanced by the particular contributions that ethnoecology has to make. Most importantly, hunting activity itself can provide an opportunity for data collection. Collection and measuring of skulls provided by hunters, in connection with interview data, was successfully incorporated into a study of Ebolo hunting behaviour (Dwyer 1990). Both the accuracy and the extent of hunters' participation in such a programme can be enhanced if hunters maintain their own records of hunting trips, sightings and successful kills (Bodmer and Puertas 2000). The body of data collected can be enhanced by the incorporation of observations of tracks and other animal signs, of which local hunters are invariably the most proficient observers and interpreters (Hill et al. 1997). Further, as shown in this study, ethnoecology can provide highly detailed local information on habitat use, seasonal movements and responses to predators and competitors of hunted animals, all of which factors would need to be incorporated into the data collection and analysis regimes of a monitoring programme. This thesis has thus confirmed and advanced the arguments of several previous, less extensive studies. First, that ethnoecological knowledge incorporates a large quantity of information that can be used to generate biological data (Townsend 1995; Ponte Johansons 1995; Ferguson et al. 1998; Myrmin et al. 1999; Huntington et al. 1999). That ethnoecology and scientific ecology therefore possess a substantial area of common ground (cf. Agrawal 1995), but also, and crucially, differ
in such a way as to be complementary (DeWalt 1996; Kalland 1997; Sillitoe 1998; Puri 2001), and that hypothesis testing can provide a bridge between the two approaches (Townsend 1995; Posey 1990: 54-55). The extension of the employment of ethnoecology into the process of collection of new biological data in the field (cf. Marks 1994, 1996; Hills et al 1997) was also favourably assessed. The ideological and practical advantages both to traditional managers of ecosystems of incorporating scientific methodologies into their skills repertoire, and to those in conservation science of giving ethnoecology prime importance in their programmes, have been demonstrated in both theory and practice. The following and final chapter summarises how these conclusions were reached and discusses their implications.
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Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conserv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1. MAP OF
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intro
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subsistence strategies to exemplify
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context is provided by Wapishana cu
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a 'need' for meat even if their phy
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phenomenon and thus arguing that in
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populations of beaver and caribou (
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practice (Sillitoe 1998: 228-9). Th
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1.2.4 Does the nature of ethnoecolo
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presented on cultural ecology. This
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Riviere identifies cognatic descent
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the village and out in the forest.
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CHAPTER 2: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND D
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groups also comprise the majority i
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provides national-level representat
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around 4,000 km 2 and excluding man
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industries have been identified as
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events was the subject of much conc
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Changes in the global economy seem
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significant improvements in the sit
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industry rapidly disappeared. A pro
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Wapishana communities in which he w
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correspond to a remarkably high pro
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Thorbjarnarson 1991; Ojasti 1991; T
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2.6 Conservation interest in Guyana
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outreach in 1995, links between Iwo
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2.6.3 Other Activities Relating to
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enefit of the entire national popul
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forests of the Rupununi River itsel
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anchers narrowly failed in their al
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eleased, but it may well be that Co
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Information collected over the cour
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from the early 19th century unambig
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south as Kujuwini (Riviere 1963: 13
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Dadanawa in 1977, has a Wapishana m
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Wapishana resident in indigenous se
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through this body that the member v
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162). Extensive changes in the over
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Brethren faith, and has constructed
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Many labour emigrants spend several
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freedom and independence of local p
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CHAPTER 4: WAPISHANA CULTURAL ECOLO
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Table 4.1. Percentage of households
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Figure 4.1. Map of Maruranau’s fa
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edge, or in patch of savannah withi
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that of previous studies of Wapisha
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other cassava drinks and those made
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and is effectively a volunteer spec
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When growing in large stands, mango
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Bananas Musa spp. 8 Thyme Lippia mi
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crop. According to the reports of p
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alone. A variety of binas 4 may be
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manicole (Euterpe spp.), or a combi
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areas on higher ground. Parrots and
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egarded as edible were omitted, alo
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Table 4.7 Animal categories reporte
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when the mother has been hunted, an
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and most of these in very small num
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that the take had diminished rapidl
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Oenocarpus 5 were treated as a sing
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egularly visited areas, but as thes
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of the European pig (Schomburgk 192
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individual resident in Aishalton be
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Useful trees were assigned to use c
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Total number of uses 120 100 80 60
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that the proportion of segregates w
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CHAPTER 5: SYMBOLISM 5.1 Syncretism
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clear that many aspects of knowledg
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malevolent purposes associated with
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ivers, especially at rapids or deep
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myself suffered a mysterious and hi
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5.5 Ecological Implications The maj
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of spider monkey meat may, however,
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CHAPTER 6: ETHNOECOLOGY This chapte
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themselves. Such a circumstance aro
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may reflect local phenotypic divers
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format employed allows analysis to
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people use this and for what?", "Ho
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6.2.2 Mechanisms of acquisition of
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my part. In all cases I looked for
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mobility prevented this. Three of t
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Opinion was also divided about the
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6.3.5 Red-rumped agouti, ‘rabbit
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occupied in the dry season are aban
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6.3.8 ‘Baboon’, red howler monk
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dynamics were considered by three i
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there was a seasonal food shortage
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din (an unidentified felid, probabl
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evealed information about this impo
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this could be conducted by examinin
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CHAPTER 7: ETHNOECOLOGY 2 - COMPARI
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caatinga (Olmos 1993), and were als
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Overall, the dietary data in the pr
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Studies from Brazil and Peru report
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Table 7.5. List of food plants reco
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Page 199 and 200: 7.6 Orange-rumped agouti Table 7.9.
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Page 203 and 204: 7.8 Black spider monkey Specific fo
Page 205 and 206: from the current data set almost ce
Page 207 and 208: Table 7.16. Comparison of ethnoecol
Page 209 and 210: families Arecaceae (Palmae), Meliac
Page 213 and 214: Other ethnoecological data is compa
Page 217 and 218: the Wapishana biological lexicon. T
Page 219 and 220: as concrete stimuli for responses.
Page 221 and 222: CHAPTER 8: APPLICATIONS OF ETHNOECO
Page 223 and 224: herd, anticipate its movements and
Page 225 and 226: for several consecutive nights unti
Page 227 and 228: The gathering of eggs of turtles an
Page 229 and 230: importance of particular foods, esp
Page 231 and 232: Food plant Score Freq. Fruits eaten
Page 233 and 234: esearch later collaborated on biolo
Page 235 and 236: weaknesses correspond to some of th
Page 237 and 238: Subsistence is also heavily depende
Page 239 and 240: the most interesting questions. Did
Page 241 and 242: 9.3 Does the existing social-ecolog
Page 243 and 244: avoidance by people of particular a
Page 245 and 246: via the exploitation of locally-ava
Page 247: provide conceptual tools useful in
Page 251 and 252: consultation on all matters affecti
Page 253 and 254: 10.2 Research findings and their im
Page 255 and 256: societies with other parties with w
Page 257 and 258: 10.4 Suggestions for further resear
Page 259 and 260: REFERENCES Agrawal, A. 1995. ‘Dis
Page 261 and 262: Barreto, G.R., O.E. Hernandez and J
Page 263 and 264: Clement, C.R. 1993. 'Native Amazoni
Page 265 and 266: EPA 1999. 'National Biodiversity Ac
Page 267 and 268: Government of Guyana 1996. 'Proceed
Page 269 and 270: Johnson, W.A. 1974. ‘Ethnoecology
Page 271 and 272: Millner-Gulland, E.J. and R. Mace 1
Page 273 and 274: Posey, D.A., J. Frechione, J. Eddin
Page 275 and 276: Salisbury, R.F., M.J. Dummett, T.L.
Page 277 and 278: Turner, H.E. 1972. ‘The Rupununi
Page 279 and 280: APPENDICES These appendices list Wa
Page 281 and 282: Wapishana name Creole name Scientif
Page 289 and 290: Wapishana Name Creole Name Scientif
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