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APA 1998. 'A plain English guide to the Amerindian Act'. Amerindian Peoples' Association, Georgetown. Available on internet at . APA 1999a. 'Extension of Kaiteur National Park'. Article in APA newsletter no. 1. Available on internet at . APA 1999b. 'Constitution Reform'. Article in APA newsletter no. 2. Available on internet at . APA 2000a. 'Centre for Amerindian Rights and Environmental Law Launched'. Article in APA newsletter no. 3. Available on internet at . APA 2000b. 'President Jagdeo Meets With the APA: APA Calls for the Establishment of a Land Claims Settlement Procedure'. Article in APA newsletter no. 3. Available on internet at . APA 2000c. 'Moruca Amerindian Land Council Mapping Project'. Article in APA newsletter no. 2. Available on internet at . APA 2000d. APA Press release, February 17, 2000. Available on internet at . APA Executive Council 2000. 'National protected areas project'. APA press release, 10th February, 2000. Available on internet at . APA General Assembly 2000. 'Resolutions of the Fifth General Assembly of the Amerindian Peoples Association held in Zeriwa, 26-28 April 2000'. Available on internet at . Appell, G.N. 1997. ‘The ecological and social consequences of conversion to Christianity among the Rungus of Sabah, Malaysia’. Contributions to Southeast Asian Ethnography 11: 61-99. ARU 1992.' The material culture of the Wapishana of the South Rupununi savannahs in 1989'. Amerindian Research Unit, University of Guyana. ARU 1993. ‘The status of women and children in the Guyana Amazon’. Reported compiled for UNICEF by the Amerindian Research Unit, University of Guyana, September 1993. ARU 1995.' Situation analysis of indigenous use of the forest with emphasis on region 1'. Amerindian Research Unit, University of Guyana. Assies, W. 1997. 'Going nuts for the rainforest. Non-timber forest products, forest conservation and sustainability in Amazonia'. Thela publishers, Amsterdam. Atran, S. 1990. ‘Cognitive foundations of natural history: towards an anthropology of science’. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Austin, D.F. and G.R. Bourne 1992. ‘Notes on Guyana’s medical ethnobotany’. Economic Botany 46(3): 293-298. Bahuchet, Serge (ed.) 1995. 'The situation of indigenous people in tropical forests'. APFT preliminary research report for EU DG XI. Baldwin, R. 1946. ‘The Rupununi Record’. The Barbados Advocate Company, Barbados. Balée, W.L. 1989. ‘The culture of Amazonian forests’. Pp. 1-21 in Posey and Balée (eds.). Balée, W.L. 1993. ‘Indigenous transformation of Amazonian forests’. L’Homme 126-128, avr.-déc. 1993, XXXIII (2-4): 231-254. Balée, W.L. 1994. ‘Footprints of the forest : Ka'apor ethnobotany ; the historical ecology of plant utilization by an Amazonian people’. Columbia University Press, New York. Balée, W.L. (ed.) 1998. ‘Advances in historical ecology’. Columbia University Press, Chichester.
Barreto, G.R., O.E. Hernandez and J. Ojasti 1997. ‘Diet of peccaries (Tayassu tajacu and T. pecari) in a dry forest of Venezuela’. Journal of Zoology, London 241: 279-284. Beckerman, S. 1979. 'The abundance of protein in Amazonia: a reply to Gross'. American Anthropologist 81: 533-560. Behrens, C.A. 1981. 'Time allocation and meat procurement among the Shipibo Indians of eastern Peru'. Human Ecology 9(2): 189-221. Beissinger, Steven R. and N.F. Snyder (eds.) 1992. 'New World parrots in crisis. Solutions from conservation biology'. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London. Benjamin , C. and R. Tiessen 1993. ‘Indigenous peoples in and against the global economy’. Review of Wilmer (1993) in Labour, Capital and Society 26(2): 252-261. Bennett, J. and A. Colson 1981. 'The Dammed: The Plight of the Akawaio Indians of Guyana'. Survival International, London. Berkes, F. 1998. ‘Indigenous knowledge and resource management systems in the Canadian subarctic’. Ch. 5 (pp. 98-128) in Berkes and Folke (eds.). Berkes, F. 1999. ‘Sacred ecology: traditional ecological knowledge and resource management.’ Taylor and Francis, London. Berkes, F. and C. Folke 1998a. ‘Linking social and ecological systems for resilience and sustainability’. Ch. 1 (pp. 1-25) in Berkes and Folke (eds.). Berkes, F. and C. Folke (eds.) 1998b. ‘Linking social and ecological systems. Management practices and social mechanisms for building resistance’. Cambridge University Press. Berlin, B. 1992. ‘Ethnobiological Classification’. Princeton University Press, Oxford. Berlin, B., D. Breedlove and P. Raven 1974. ‘Principles of Tzeltal plant classification: an introduction to the botanical ethnography of a Mayan-speaking people of the highland Chiapas’. Academic Press, New York. Bernstein, I.S., P. Balcaen, L. Dresdale, H. Gouzoules, M. Kavanagh, T. Patterson and P. Neyman-Warner 1976. ‘Differential effects of forest degradation on primate populations’. Primates 17(3): 401-411. Bodmer, R.E. 1989. ‘Frugivory in Amazonian Artiodactyla: evidence for evolution of the ruminant stomach’. Journal of Zoology, London 219: 457-467. Bodmer, R.E. 1990. ‘Fruit patch size and frugivory in the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris)’. Journal of Zoology, London 222: 121-128. Bodmer, R.E. 1995. ‘Managing Amazonian wildlife: biological correlates of game choice by detribalised hunters’. Ecological Applications 5(4): 872-877. Bodmer, R.E. 1997. ‘Ecologia e conservação dos veados mateiro e catingueiro na Amazônia’. Ch. 5 (pp. 70-77) in Duarte (ed.). Bodmer, R.E., T.G. Fang, L. Moya I and R. Gill 1994. ‘Managing wildlife to conserve Amazonia forests: population biology and economic considerations of game hunting’. Biological Conservation 67: 29-35. Bodmer, R.E., J.F. Eisenberg and K.H. Redford 1997a. ‘Hunting and the likelihood of extinction of Amazonian mammals’. Conservation Biology 11(2): 460-466. Bodmer, R.E., R. Aquino, P.E. Puertas, C.J. Reyes, T.G. Fang and N. Gottdemker 1997b. ‘Manejo y uso sustentable de pecaríes en la Amazonía Peruana’. Occasional paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission no. 18, UICN-Sur, Quito, Ecuador y Secretaría CITES, Ginebra, Suiza. Bodmer, R.E. and D.M. Brooks 1997. ‘Status and action plan of the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris’. Pp. 46-56 in Brooks et al. (eds.).
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Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conserv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1. MAP OF
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intro
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subsistence strategies to exemplify
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context is provided by Wapishana cu
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a 'need' for meat even if their phy
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phenomenon and thus arguing that in
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populations of beaver and caribou (
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practice (Sillitoe 1998: 228-9). Th
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1.2.4 Does the nature of ethnoecolo
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presented on cultural ecology. This
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Riviere identifies cognatic descent
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the village and out in the forest.
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CHAPTER 2: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND D
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groups also comprise the majority i
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provides national-level representat
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around 4,000 km 2 and excluding man
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industries have been identified as
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events was the subject of much conc
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Changes in the global economy seem
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significant improvements in the sit
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industry rapidly disappeared. A pro
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Wapishana communities in which he w
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correspond to a remarkably high pro
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Thorbjarnarson 1991; Ojasti 1991; T
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2.6 Conservation interest in Guyana
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outreach in 1995, links between Iwo
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2.6.3 Other Activities Relating to
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enefit of the entire national popul
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forests of the Rupununi River itsel
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anchers narrowly failed in their al
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eleased, but it may well be that Co
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Information collected over the cour
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from the early 19th century unambig
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south as Kujuwini (Riviere 1963: 13
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Dadanawa in 1977, has a Wapishana m
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Wapishana resident in indigenous se
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through this body that the member v
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162). Extensive changes in the over
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Brethren faith, and has constructed
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Many labour emigrants spend several
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freedom and independence of local p
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CHAPTER 4: WAPISHANA CULTURAL ECOLO
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Table 4.1. Percentage of households
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Figure 4.1. Map of Maruranau’s fa
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edge, or in patch of savannah withi
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that of previous studies of Wapisha
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other cassava drinks and those made
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and is effectively a volunteer spec
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When growing in large stands, mango
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Bananas Musa spp. 8 Thyme Lippia mi
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crop. According to the reports of p
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alone. A variety of binas 4 may be
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manicole (Euterpe spp.), or a combi
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areas on higher ground. Parrots and
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egarded as edible were omitted, alo
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Table 4.7 Animal categories reporte
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when the mother has been hunted, an
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and most of these in very small num
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that the take had diminished rapidl
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Oenocarpus 5 were treated as a sing
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egularly visited areas, but as thes
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of the European pig (Schomburgk 192
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individual resident in Aishalton be
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Useful trees were assigned to use c
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Total number of uses 120 100 80 60
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that the proportion of segregates w
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CHAPTER 5: SYMBOLISM 5.1 Syncretism
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clear that many aspects of knowledg
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malevolent purposes associated with
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ivers, especially at rapids or deep
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myself suffered a mysterious and hi
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5.5 Ecological Implications The maj
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of spider monkey meat may, however,
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CHAPTER 6: ETHNOECOLOGY This chapte
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themselves. Such a circumstance aro
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may reflect local phenotypic divers
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format employed allows analysis to
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people use this and for what?", "Ho
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6.2.2 Mechanisms of acquisition of
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my part. In all cases I looked for
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mobility prevented this. Three of t
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Opinion was also divided about the
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6.3.5 Red-rumped agouti, ‘rabbit
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occupied in the dry season are aban
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6.3.8 ‘Baboon’, red howler monk
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dynamics were considered by three i
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there was a seasonal food shortage
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din (an unidentified felid, probabl
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evealed information about this impo
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this could be conducted by examinin
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CHAPTER 7: ETHNOECOLOGY 2 - COMPARI
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caatinga (Olmos 1993), and were als
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Overall, the dietary data in the pr
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Studies from Brazil and Peru report
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Table 7.5. List of food plants reco
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cassava (Manihot esculenta), black-
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7.6 Orange-rumped agouti Table 7.9.
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availability is at its seasonal low
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7.8 Black spider monkey Specific fo
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from the current data set almost ce
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Table 7.16. Comparison of ethnoecol
Page 209 and 210: families Arecaceae (Palmae), Meliac
Page 211 and 212: Table 7.20. Comparison of ethnoecol
Page 213 and 214: Other ethnoecological data is compa
Page 215 and 216: Table 7.25. Comparison of ethnoecol
Page 217 and 218: the Wapishana biological lexicon. T
Page 219 and 220: as concrete stimuli for responses.
Page 221 and 222: CHAPTER 8: APPLICATIONS OF ETHNOECO
Page 223 and 224: herd, anticipate its movements and
Page 225 and 226: for several consecutive nights unti
Page 227 and 228: The gathering of eggs of turtles an
Page 229 and 230: importance of particular foods, esp
Page 231 and 232: Food plant Score Freq. Fruits eaten
Page 233 and 234: esearch later collaborated on biolo
Page 235 and 236: weaknesses correspond to some of th
Page 237 and 238: Subsistence is also heavily depende
Page 239 and 240: the most interesting questions. Did
Page 241 and 242: 9.3 Does the existing social-ecolog
Page 243 and 244: avoidance by people of particular a
Page 245 and 246: via the exploitation of locally-ava
Page 247 and 248: provide conceptual tools useful in
Page 249 and 250: in such a way as to be complementar
Page 251 and 252: consultation on all matters affecti
Page 253 and 254: 10.2 Research findings and their im
Page 255 and 256: societies with other parties with w
Page 257 and 258: 10.4 Suggestions for further resear
Page 259: REFERENCES Agrawal, A. 1995. ‘Dis
Page 263 and 264: Clement, C.R. 1993. 'Native Amazoni
Page 265 and 266: EPA 1999. 'National Biodiversity Ac
Page 267 and 268: Government of Guyana 1996. 'Proceed
Page 269 and 270: Johnson, W.A. 1974. ‘Ethnoecology
Page 271 and 272: Millner-Gulland, E.J. and R. Mace 1
Page 273 and 274: Posey, D.A., J. Frechione, J. Eddin
Page 275 and 276: Salisbury, R.F., M.J. Dummett, T.L.
Page 277 and 278: Turner, H.E. 1972. ‘The Rupununi
Page 279 and 280: APPENDICES These appendices list Wa
Page 281 and 282: Wapishana name Creole name Scientif
Page 289 and 290: Wapishana Name Creole Name Scientif
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