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Hill, K., J. Padwe, C. Bejyvagi, A. Bepurangi, F. Jakugi, R. Tyuarangi and T. Tykuarangi 1997. 'Impact of hunting on large vertebrates in the Mbaracayu reserve, Paraguay'. Conservation Biology 11(6): 1339-1353. Hills, T.L. 1968. ‘Amerindian agriculture’. Pp. 31-71 in Salisbury et al. Hills, T.L. 1973. 'The savannah biome: a case study of human impact on biotic communities'. Pp. 342-373 in Manners and Mikesell (eds.). Hipwell, B. 1998. ‘Integrating local/traditional ecological knowledge into fisheries management in Canada’. Report submitted to the Integrated Coastal Zone Management programme of the Marine Ecosystems Conservation Branch, Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Hladik, C.M., A. Hladik, O.F. Linares, H. Pagezy, A. Semple and M. Hadley (eds.) 1993. 'Tropical forests, people and food. Biocultural interactions and applications to development'. Man and the Biosphere series, UNESCO, Paris. Hobley, M. 1997. 'Social issues in forestry in Guyana: the ways forward for phase 2 of the Guyana Forestry Commission support project'. Report prepared for the Guyana Forestry Commission and the Department for International Development. Homma, A.K.O. 1992. ‘The dynamics of extraction in Amazonia: a historical perspective’. Advances in Economic Botany 9: 23-31. Hoogesteijn, R. and C.A. Chapman 1997. ‘Large ranches as conservation tools in the Venezuelan llanos’. Oryx 31(4): 274-284. Horowitz, L.S. 1998. 'Integrating indigenous resource management with wildlife conservation: a case study of Batang Ali National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia'. Human Ecology 26(3): 371-403. Horton, R. 1971. ‘African Conversion’. Africa 41: 85-108. Hunn, E.S. 1977. 'Tzeltal folk zoology: the classification of discontinuities in nature'. Academic Press, New York. Huntington, H.P. 1998. ‘Observations on the utility of the semi-directive interview for documenting traditional ecological knowledge’. Arctic 51(3): 237-242. Huntington, H.P. and the communities of Buckland, Elim, Koyuk, Shaktoolik and Point Lay 1999. ‘Traditional knowledge of the ecology of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in the eastern Chukchi and northern Bering Seas, Alaska’. Arctic 52(1): 49-61. Hyndman, D.C. 1984. ‘Hunting and the classification of game animals among the Wopkaimin’. Oceania 54(4): 289-309. Ilse, L.M. and E.C. Hellgren 1995. ‘Spatial use and group dynamics of sympatric collared peccaries and feral hogs in southern Texas’. Journal of Mammalogy 76(4): 993-1002. Im Thurn, E.F. 1883. ‘Among the Indians of Guyana’. K. Paul, Trench and Co. London. Iwokrama 1999. Report from a workshop held at the Amerindian hostel, Lethem, Region 9, January 21-22, 1999. Iwokrama 2000. 'Local involvement in wildlife research and management in the North Rupununi, central Guyana'. Concept paper. Jenman, G.S. 1885. ‘Balata and the balata industry’. Timehri v.4: 153-233. Johnson, A. 1978. Reply to Ross. Current Anthropology 19(1): 21. Johnson, A. 1982. 'Reductionism in cultural ecology: the Amazon case'. Current Anthropology 23 (4) : 413-428. Johnson, D. 1994. 'Report on the palm cabbage industry in northwest Guyana'. Manuscript.
Johnson, W.A. 1974. ‘Ethnoecology and planting practices in a swidden agricultural system.’ American Ethnologist 1(1): 87-101. Johnston, M. and A. Colquhuon 1996. ‘Preliminary ethnobotanical survey of Kurukupari: an Amerindian settlement of central Guyana’. Economic Botany 50(2): 182-194. Jorgensen, J.P. 2000. ‘Wildlife conservation and game harvest by Maya hunters in Quintana Roo, Mexico’. Ch. 12 (pp. 251-266) in Robinson and Bennett (eds.). Joshi, N.V. and M. Gadgil 1991. ‘On the role of refugia in promoting prudent use of biological resources’. Theoretical Population Biology 40: 211-229. Judas, J. and O. Henry 1999. ‘Seasonal variation of home range of collared peccary in tropical rain forests of French Guiana’. Journal of Wildlife Management 63(2): 546-552. Julliot, C. 1994. ‘Predation of a young spider monkey (Ateles paniscus) by a crested eagle (Morphnus guianensis)’. Folia Primatologica 63: 75-77. Julliot , C. 1996. ‘Seed dispersal by red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in a tropical rain forest’. International Journal of Primatology 17: 239-258. Julliot , C. 1997. ‘Impact of seed dispersal by red howler monkeys on the seedling population in the understorey of tropical rain forest’. Journal of Ecology 85: 431-440. Julliot, C. and D. Sabatier 1993. ‘Diet of the red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) in French Guiana’. International Journal of Primatology 14(4): 527-550. Kahn, F. 1993. 'Amazonian palms: food resources for the management of forest ecosystems'. Ch. 12 (pp. 153-162) in Hladik et al. (eds.). Kaimowitz, D., G. Flores, J. Johnson, P. Pacheco, J. Pavéz, J. Roper, C. Vallejos and R. Veléz 2000. ‘Local government and biodiversity conservation: a case from the Bolivian lowlands’. A case study for Shifting the power: decentralization and biodiversity conservation. Biodiversity Support Programme, Washington D.C. Kalland, A. 1997. ‘Indigenous environmental knowledge: prospects and limitations’. Paper presented at the workshop ‘Indigenous environmental knowledge and its transformation: a critical examination of the concept, its uses and abuses’, University of Kent at Canterbury, 8-10 May 1997. Kay, P. 1975. ‘A model-theoretic approach to folk taxonomy’. Social Science Information 14(5): 151-166. Kiltie, R.A. 1981a. ‘Stomach contents of rain forest peccaries’. Biotropica 13(3): 234- 236. Kiltie, R.A. 1981b. ‘Distribution of palm fruits on a rain forest floor: why white-lipped peccaries forage near objects’. Biotropica 13(2): 141-145. Kiltie, R.A. 1982. ‘Bite force as a basis for niche differentiation between rain forest peccaries’. Biotropica 14(3): 188-195. Kiltie, R.A. and J. Terborgh 1983. ‘Observations on the behaviour of rain forest peccaries in Peru: why do white-lipped peccaries form herds?’. Z. Tierpsychol. 62: 241-255. Kinzey, W.G. and M.A. Norconk 1993. ‘Physical and chemical properties of fruit and seeds eaten by Pithecia and Chiropotes in Surinam and Venezuela’. International Journal of Primatology 14: 207-27. Langdon, S. 1999. 'Water Is More Valuable Than Gold'. Article circulated on internet by Project Underground. . Lansing, J.S. and J.N. Kremer 1993. ‘Emergent properties of Balinese water temple networks: coadaptation on a rugged fitness landscape’. American Anthropologist 95(1): 97-114. LaRose, J. 1994. 'The Price of Progress'. Guyana Review, June 1994: 18-19.
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Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conserv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1. MAP OF
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intro
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subsistence strategies to exemplify
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context is provided by Wapishana cu
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a 'need' for meat even if their phy
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phenomenon and thus arguing that in
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populations of beaver and caribou (
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practice (Sillitoe 1998: 228-9). Th
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1.2.4 Does the nature of ethnoecolo
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presented on cultural ecology. This
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Riviere identifies cognatic descent
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the village and out in the forest.
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CHAPTER 2: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND D
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groups also comprise the majority i
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provides national-level representat
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around 4,000 km 2 and excluding man
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industries have been identified as
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events was the subject of much conc
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Changes in the global economy seem
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significant improvements in the sit
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industry rapidly disappeared. A pro
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Wapishana communities in which he w
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correspond to a remarkably high pro
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Thorbjarnarson 1991; Ojasti 1991; T
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2.6 Conservation interest in Guyana
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outreach in 1995, links between Iwo
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2.6.3 Other Activities Relating to
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enefit of the entire national popul
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forests of the Rupununi River itsel
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anchers narrowly failed in their al
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eleased, but it may well be that Co
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Information collected over the cour
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from the early 19th century unambig
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south as Kujuwini (Riviere 1963: 13
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Dadanawa in 1977, has a Wapishana m
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Wapishana resident in indigenous se
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through this body that the member v
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162). Extensive changes in the over
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Brethren faith, and has constructed
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Many labour emigrants spend several
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freedom and independence of local p
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CHAPTER 4: WAPISHANA CULTURAL ECOLO
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Table 4.1. Percentage of households
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Figure 4.1. Map of Maruranau’s fa
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edge, or in patch of savannah withi
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that of previous studies of Wapisha
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other cassava drinks and those made
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and is effectively a volunteer spec
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When growing in large stands, mango
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Bananas Musa spp. 8 Thyme Lippia mi
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crop. According to the reports of p
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alone. A variety of binas 4 may be
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manicole (Euterpe spp.), or a combi
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areas on higher ground. Parrots and
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egarded as edible were omitted, alo
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Table 4.7 Animal categories reporte
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when the mother has been hunted, an
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and most of these in very small num
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that the take had diminished rapidl
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Oenocarpus 5 were treated as a sing
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egularly visited areas, but as thes
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of the European pig (Schomburgk 192
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individual resident in Aishalton be
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Useful trees were assigned to use c
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Total number of uses 120 100 80 60
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that the proportion of segregates w
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CHAPTER 5: SYMBOLISM 5.1 Syncretism
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clear that many aspects of knowledg
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malevolent purposes associated with
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ivers, especially at rapids or deep
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myself suffered a mysterious and hi
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5.5 Ecological Implications The maj
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of spider monkey meat may, however,
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CHAPTER 6: ETHNOECOLOGY This chapte
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themselves. Such a circumstance aro
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may reflect local phenotypic divers
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format employed allows analysis to
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people use this and for what?", "Ho
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6.2.2 Mechanisms of acquisition of
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my part. In all cases I looked for
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mobility prevented this. Three of t
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Opinion was also divided about the
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6.3.5 Red-rumped agouti, ‘rabbit
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occupied in the dry season are aban
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6.3.8 ‘Baboon’, red howler monk
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dynamics were considered by three i
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there was a seasonal food shortage
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din (an unidentified felid, probabl
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evealed information about this impo
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this could be conducted by examinin
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CHAPTER 7: ETHNOECOLOGY 2 - COMPARI
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caatinga (Olmos 1993), and were als
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Overall, the dietary data in the pr
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Studies from Brazil and Peru report
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Table 7.5. List of food plants reco
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cassava (Manihot esculenta), black-
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7.6 Orange-rumped agouti Table 7.9.
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availability is at its seasonal low
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7.8 Black spider monkey Specific fo
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from the current data set almost ce
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Table 7.16. Comparison of ethnoecol
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families Arecaceae (Palmae), Meliac
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Other ethnoecological data is compa
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Page 217 and 218: the Wapishana biological lexicon. T
Page 219 and 220: as concrete stimuli for responses.
Page 221 and 222: CHAPTER 8: APPLICATIONS OF ETHNOECO
Page 223 and 224: herd, anticipate its movements and
Page 225 and 226: for several consecutive nights unti
Page 227 and 228: The gathering of eggs of turtles an
Page 229 and 230: importance of particular foods, esp
Page 231 and 232: Food plant Score Freq. Fruits eaten
Page 233 and 234: esearch later collaborated on biolo
Page 235 and 236: weaknesses correspond to some of th
Page 237 and 238: Subsistence is also heavily depende
Page 239 and 240: the most interesting questions. Did
Page 241 and 242: 9.3 Does the existing social-ecolog
Page 243 and 244: avoidance by people of particular a
Page 245 and 246: via the exploitation of locally-ava
Page 247 and 248: provide conceptual tools useful in
Page 249 and 250: in such a way as to be complementar
Page 251 and 252: consultation on all matters affecti
Page 253 and 254: 10.2 Research findings and their im
Page 255 and 256: societies with other parties with w
Page 257 and 258: 10.4 Suggestions for further resear
Page 259 and 260: REFERENCES Agrawal, A. 1995. ‘Dis
Page 261 and 262: Barreto, G.R., O.E. Hernandez and J
Page 263 and 264: Clement, C.R. 1993. 'Native Amazoni
Page 265 and 266: EPA 1999. 'National Biodiversity Ac
Page 267: Government of Guyana 1996. 'Proceed
Page 271 and 272: Millner-Gulland, E.J. and R. Mace 1
Page 273 and 274: Posey, D.A., J. Frechione, J. Eddin
Page 275 and 276: Salisbury, R.F., M.J. Dummett, T.L.
Page 277 and 278: Turner, H.E. 1972. ‘The Rupununi
Page 279 and 280: APPENDICES These appendices list Wa
Page 281 and 282: Wapishana name Creole name Scientif
Page 289 and 290: Wapishana Name Creole Name Scientif
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