Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conservation And Development In A ...

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fruits eaten for which scientific identifications are proposed, either the same species or a congener is reported to be eaten by tapirs elsewhere. The consumption fruits of members of the same family is reported in the ecological literature in a further four cases. One of two genera on whose leaves tapirs are reported to browse is corroborated in another study of Tapirus terrestris. Additionally, browsing on leaves of Cecropia has been reported for T. bairdii (Terwilliger 1978: 213). Table 7.6. Comparison of ethnoecological and ecological data sets for Tapirus terrestris Subject Ethnoecological observations Ecological observations Diet Fruit and leaves, especially young Fruits and leaves [1,2]. Fruit, leaves leaves. Fruit dominates diet during and fibre [3] rainy season, leaves during dry Several studies provide evidence for season. endozoochorous dispersal Endozoochorous dispersal of seeds [1,3,4,5,6]; one contradictory of most fruits eaten. finding is based on unproven methodology [2]. Social Usually solitary, groups of 2 or 3 Solitary except during reproductive occasionally found due to motheroffspring association and temporary association of breeding pairs. season [7] Habitat use Require treefall gaps and access to Forage preferentially in treefall bathing pools. gaps, preferentially use creekside habitat [8]. Reproductive Single young born. Not reported from wild Activity Normally nocturnal. Normally nocturnal, occasionally patterns diurnal [9] [1] Bodmer 1990 [2] Salas and Fuller 1996 [3] Henry et al. 2000 [4]Fragoso 1997 [5] Rodrigues et al. 1993 [6] Olmos et al. 1999 [7] Bodmer and Brooks 1997 [8] Salas 1996 [9] Emmons and Feer 1997: 174 In other subject areas the two data sets were in agreement in each of ten comparable observations (table 7.6). One published paper claims to contradict the ethnoecological observation concerning seed dispersal by tapirs (Salas and Fuller 1996). However, the link between this conclusion and the experimental data is so tenuous that the argument is entirely unconvincing in the light of findings in several studies to the contrary. 7.5 Red Brocket Deer Fruits and seeds reported to be eaten by koshara are shown in table 7.7. Flowers were also listed as an important food, of which only those of kumaraokou were specified. Leaves were also reported to be a major food category: those of tooru (Cecropia sp.), kodadam (not identified), bishawud (not identified) and kodoi zapori (not identified) were specified, along with grasses and those of the cultivars
cassava (Manihot esculenta), black-eyed bean (Vigna sinensis), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), pawpaw (Carica papaya) and yam (Dioscorea cayennensis). Several other cultivated plants were also reported to be eaten: banana, (Musa spp.) pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima), watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris), and the fruits of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) and guava (Psidium guayaba) trees. Table 7.7. List of food plants recorded in ethnoecological interviews on Mazama americana, and their corroboration in the ecological literature Wapishana name English name Gen Fam Poo'a Pouteria sp.: Sapotaceae X X Wabo Euterpe sp.: Palmae X X Zuupu Spondias mombin: Anacardiaceae X X Mapuza Oenocarpus bacaba: Palmae X X Ochoro Oenocarpus bataua: Palmae X X Wurada urud Inga sp.: Leguminosae (Mimosoideae) X X Takuba Swartzia dipetala: Leguminosae (Papilionoideae) X X Koram Inga alba: Leguminosae (Mimosoideae) X X Koobiki Inga ingoides: Leguminosae (Mimosoideae) X X Shurara Inga sp.: Leguminosae (Mimosoideae) X X Dyakara Inga sp: Leguminosae (Mimosoideae) X X Kodoi aridu'i Inga laterifolia: Leguminosae (Mimosoideae) X X Naata Hymenaea courbaril: Leguminosae (Caesalpinioideae) X Kumaraokou Ficus sp./spp.: Moraceae X Kawarori Anacardium giganteum: Anacardiaceae X Dyo Mauritia flexuosa: Palmae X Taasho Muellera frutescens: Leguminosae (Papilionoideae) X Kaziman Couma sp.: Apocynaceae X Wamooko Parinari excelsa: Chrysobalanaceae X Kaawai Micropholis venulosa: Sapotaceae X A'akush Manilkara excelsa: Sapotaceae X Katowari Bagassa guianensis: Moraceae X Barotaba'u Aspidosperma excelsum: Apocynaceae X Roomi au Sacloglottis cydonioides: Humiriceae Bowao Tetragastris sp./spp.: Burseraceae Autaka Myrcia sp.: Myrtaceae Arakiki not identified - - Kodadam not identified - - Dido'u not identified - - Branan et al. (1985) report information on the diet of red brocket deer (Mazama americana) from a part-year study in Surinam. Their list of food plants includes two species of Pouteria, Euterpe oleracea, one species of Inga and two species of Swartzia. Bodmer (1989) lists fruits consumed by Mazama americana in Peru. Among
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Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conserv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1. MAP OF
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intro
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subsistence strategies to exemplify
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context is provided by Wapishana cu
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a 'need' for meat even if their phy
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phenomenon and thus arguing that in
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populations of beaver and caribou (
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practice (Sillitoe 1998: 228-9). Th
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1.2.4 Does the nature of ethnoecolo
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presented on cultural ecology. This
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Riviere identifies cognatic descent
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the village and out in the forest.
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CHAPTER 2: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND D
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groups also comprise the majority i
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provides national-level representat
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around 4,000 km 2 and excluding man
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industries have been identified as
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events was the subject of much conc
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Changes in the global economy seem
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significant improvements in the sit
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industry rapidly disappeared. A pro
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Wapishana communities in which he w
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correspond to a remarkably high pro
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Thorbjarnarson 1991; Ojasti 1991; T
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2.6 Conservation interest in Guyana
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outreach in 1995, links between Iwo
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2.6.3 Other Activities Relating to
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enefit of the entire national popul
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forests of the Rupununi River itsel
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anchers narrowly failed in their al
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eleased, but it may well be that Co
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Information collected over the cour
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from the early 19th century unambig
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south as Kujuwini (Riviere 1963: 13
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Dadanawa in 1977, has a Wapishana m
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Wapishana resident in indigenous se
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through this body that the member v
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162). Extensive changes in the over
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Brethren faith, and has constructed
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Many labour emigrants spend several
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freedom and independence of local p
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CHAPTER 4: WAPISHANA CULTURAL ECOLO
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Table 4.1. Percentage of households
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Figure 4.1. Map of Maruranau’s fa
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edge, or in patch of savannah withi
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that of previous studies of Wapisha
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other cassava drinks and those made
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and is effectively a volunteer spec
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When growing in large stands, mango
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Bananas Musa spp. 8 Thyme Lippia mi
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crop. According to the reports of p
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alone. A variety of binas 4 may be
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manicole (Euterpe spp.), or a combi
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areas on higher ground. Parrots and
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egarded as edible were omitted, alo
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Table 4.7 Animal categories reporte
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when the mother has been hunted, an
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and most of these in very small num
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that the take had diminished rapidl
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Oenocarpus 5 were treated as a sing
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egularly visited areas, but as thes
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of the European pig (Schomburgk 192
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individual resident in Aishalton be
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Useful trees were assigned to use c
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Total number of uses 120 100 80 60
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that the proportion of segregates w
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CHAPTER 5: SYMBOLISM 5.1 Syncretism
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clear that many aspects of knowledg
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malevolent purposes associated with
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Page 149 and 150: 5.5 Ecological Implications The maj
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Page 153 and 154: CHAPTER 6: ETHNOECOLOGY This chapte
Page 155 and 156: themselves. Such a circumstance aro
Page 157 and 158: may reflect local phenotypic divers
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Page 161 and 162: people use this and for what?", "Ho
Page 163 and 164: 6.2.2 Mechanisms of acquisition of
Page 165 and 166: my part. In all cases I looked for
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Page 169 and 170: Opinion was also divided about the
Page 171 and 172: 6.3.5 Red-rumped agouti, ‘rabbit
Page 173 and 174: occupied in the dry season are aban
Page 175 and 176: 6.3.8 ‘Baboon’, red howler monk
Page 177 and 178: dynamics were considered by three i
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Page 187 and 188: CHAPTER 7: ETHNOECOLOGY 2 - COMPARI
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Page 191 and 192: Overall, the dietary data in the pr
Page 193 and 194: Studies from Brazil and Peru report
Page 195: Table 7.5. List of food plants reco
Page 199 and 200: 7.6 Orange-rumped agouti Table 7.9.
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Page 203 and 204: 7.8 Black spider monkey Specific fo
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Page 207 and 208: Table 7.16. Comparison of ethnoecol
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Page 213 and 214: Other ethnoecological data is compa
Page 217 and 218: the Wapishana biological lexicon. T
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Page 221 and 222: CHAPTER 8: APPLICATIONS OF ETHNOECO
Page 223 and 224: herd, anticipate its movements and
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Page 227 and 228: The gathering of eggs of turtles an
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Page 231 and 232: Food plant Score Freq. Fruits eaten
Page 233 and 234: esearch later collaborated on biolo
Page 235 and 236: weaknesses correspond to some of th
Page 237 and 238: Subsistence is also heavily depende
Page 239 and 240: the most interesting questions. Did
Page 241 and 242: 9.3 Does the existing social-ecolog
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provide conceptual tools useful in
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in such a way as to be complementar
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consultation on all matters affecti
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10.2 Research findings and their im
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societies with other parties with w
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10.4 Suggestions for further resear
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REFERENCES Agrawal, A. 1995. ‘Dis
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Barreto, G.R., O.E. Hernandez and J
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Clement, C.R. 1993. 'Native Amazoni
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EPA 1999. 'National Biodiversity Ac
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Government of Guyana 1996. 'Proceed
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Johnson, W.A. 1974. ‘Ethnoecology
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Millner-Gulland, E.J. and R. Mace 1
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Posey, D.A., J. Frechione, J. Eddin
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Salisbury, R.F., M.J. Dummett, T.L.
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Turner, H.E. 1972. ‘The Rupununi
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APPENDICES These appendices list Wa
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Wapishana name Creole name Scientif
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Wapishana Name Creole Name Scientif
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