Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conservation And Development In A ...

Recommendations

Info

Table 7.4. Comparison of ethnoecological and ecological data sets for Tayassu pecari Subject Ethnoecological data Ecological observations Diet Fruit, seeds, snakes, Diet dominated by plant reproductive parts worms, grubs, roots [1,2,3,4,5] including cultivated Plant roots also eaten [2,5,6] tubers. Crop predation reported anecdotally [7] Seed predators. Various animal foods eaten including insects and earthworms [2] Seeds crushed when eaten [1,3,8] Interspecific Kill hunting dogs. Various accounts of varying reliability Immune to snakebite. concerning ferocity of herds to humans, dogs Herd forms strong and other predators, [7] defence against Reports of herds mounting massed defence predators but young against jaguars; predator defence suggested animals predated by to be main benefit in group formation [3] Panthera onca, Puma concolor, Melanosuchus niger and camoudi. Predation by Panthera onca [13] Intraspecific Large groups of 20-100 Group sizes counted 90-138, usual estimates or more individuals. 100-200. Smaller groups of c.30 believed to Temporary group be satellites of larger groups [3] fragmentation. Groups of 14-60 observed in Venezuelan dry forest, some solitary individuals [9] Groups from 30-40 to 100-200 [10] Group sizes 70-260[11] Habitat use Range over huge areas. Appear to have large but often definite home Come onto savannah range [7] during etai fruit season. Apparently nomadic or migratory: range over Use swamps and thick areas larger than study sites [3,9,11] liana forest. Home range calculated to be 60-200 km2 [3] Home ranges up to 109.6 km2 [10] Return to regular feeding sites at annual and shorter intervals [10] Prefer stream beds and várzea forests [2] Regularly use wallows [3,7] Reproductive Litter size 1-3. Mean litter size in Peru 1.67+0.53, range 1-3 Born mainly in rainy [2,12] season Observed timing of mating implies birth peak in rainy season [3] [1] Bodmer 1989 [2] Bodmer et al. 1997a [3] Kiltie and Terborgh 1983 [4] Kiltie 1981a [5] Barreto et al. 1997 [6] Olmos 1993 [7] Sowls 1984 [8] Kiltie 1982 [9] Hernandez et al. 1995 [10] Fragoso 1998 [11] Peres 1996 [12] Gottdenker and Bodmer 1998 [13] Tewes and Schmidly 1987 7.4 Lowland Tapir Table 7.5 lists species whose fruits were reported, by more than one interviewee, to be eaten by kodoi. In addition, there were corroborated reports of consumption of several cultivars: bananas (Musa spp.), and the leaves of cassava (Manihot esculenta) and pawpaw (Carica papaya). Leaves of non-cultivars listed more than once were tooru (Cecropia sp.), wild whitees (several species of Inga) and finally grass.
Table 7.5. List of food plants recorded in ethnoecological interviews on Tapirus terrestris and their corroboration in the ecological literature Wapishana name Latin name Gen Fam Zuupu Spondias mombin: Anacardiaceae X X Kawarori Anacardium giganteum: Anacardiaceae X X Iziari Manilkara bidentata: Sapotaceae X X Wamooko Parinari excelsa: Chrysobalanaceae X X Zudu Parinari sp. X X Dyuwuza Mauritia flexuosa: Palmae X X Kumaraokou Ficus sp/spp.: Moraceae X X Ochoro Oenocarpus bataua: Palmae X X Katowari Bagassa guianensis: Moraceae X X Kaawai Micropholis venulosa: Sapotaceae X X Tooru Cecropia sp. X X Poo'a Pouteria sp.: Sapotaceae X Pokoridi Attalea regia: Palmae X Ma'aso Andira surinamensis: Leguminosae (Papilionoideae) X Taasho Muellera frutescens: Leguminosae (Papilionoideae) X Mawaorakun Trichilia pleeana: Meliaceae Roomi au Sacloglottis cydonioides: Humiriceae Kaziman Couma sp.: Apocynaceae Widu'oko not identified - - Koomaru not identified - - Kodoi autakan not identified - - The ecological study located closest geographically is that of Henry et al. (2000) in French Guiana. Their list of fruits consumed by tapirs includes Spondias mombin, Bagassa guianensis, Mauritia flexuosa, Ficus sp., Parinari excelsa, Manilkara cf. bidentata and Oenocarpus (Jessenia) bataua. Salas and Fuller (1996), reporting information derived from ethnoecological investigation as well as conventional ecological research techniques, give a list of thirty-three fruits eaten by tapirs at their research site in Southern Venezuela. These include Anacardium giganteum, Ficus spp., Inga oerstediana, Oenocarpus (Jessenia) bataua, Microphilis melinoneana, Parinari excelsa, Spondias mombin, and unidentified species of Chrysobalanaceae and Sapotaceae. This study also reported selective browsing on Cecropia. Bodmer (1990) gives a shorter list of fruits eaten by tapirs in Peru, including Mauritia flexuosa, Oenocarpus (Jessenia) sp., and unidentified species of Sapotaceae, Araceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Leguminosae and Menispermaceae. Food plants recorded in these studies concord strongly with the results of the present study, despite the difference in the study locations. For eleven of seventeen
Page 1 and 2:
Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conserv
Page 3 and 4:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could
Page 5 and 6:
CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................
Page 7 and 8:
LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1. MAP OF
Page 9 and 10:
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intro
Page 11 and 12:
subsistence strategies to exemplify
Page 13 and 14:
context is provided by Wapishana cu
Page 15 and 16:
a 'need' for meat even if their phy
Page 17 and 18:
phenomenon and thus arguing that in
Page 19 and 20:
populations of beaver and caribou (
Page 21 and 22:
practice (Sillitoe 1998: 228-9). Th
Page 23 and 24:
1.2.4 Does the nature of ethnoecolo
Page 25 and 26:
presented on cultural ecology. This
Page 27 and 28:
Riviere identifies cognatic descent
Page 29 and 30:
the village and out in the forest.
Page 31 and 32:
CHAPTER 2: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND D
Page 33 and 34:
groups also comprise the majority i
Page 35 and 36:
provides national-level representat
Page 37 and 38:
around 4,000 km 2 and excluding man
Page 39 and 40:
industries have been identified as
Page 41 and 42:
events was the subject of much conc
Page 43 and 44:
Changes in the global economy seem
Page 45 and 46:
significant improvements in the sit
Page 47 and 48:
industry rapidly disappeared. A pro
Page 49 and 50:
Wapishana communities in which he w
Page 51 and 52:
correspond to a remarkably high pro
Page 53 and 54:
Thorbjarnarson 1991; Ojasti 1991; T
Page 55 and 56:
2.6 Conservation interest in Guyana
Page 57 and 58:
outreach in 1995, links between Iwo
Page 59 and 60:
2.6.3 Other Activities Relating to
Page 61 and 62:
enefit of the entire national popul
Page 63 and 64:
forests of the Rupununi River itsel
Page 65 and 66:
anchers narrowly failed in their al
Page 67 and 68:
eleased, but it may well be that Co
Page 69 and 70:
Information collected over the cour
Page 71 and 72:
from the early 19th century unambig
Page 73 and 74:
south as Kujuwini (Riviere 1963: 13
Page 75 and 76:
Dadanawa in 1977, has a Wapishana m
Page 77 and 78:
Wapishana resident in indigenous se
Page 79 and 80:
through this body that the member v
Page 81 and 82:
162). Extensive changes in the over
Page 83 and 84:
Brethren faith, and has constructed
Page 85 and 86:
Many labour emigrants spend several
Page 87 and 88:
freedom and independence of local p
Page 89 and 90:
CHAPTER 4: WAPISHANA CULTURAL ECOLO
Page 91 and 92:
Table 4.1. Percentage of households
Page 93 and 94:
Figure 4.1. Map of Maruranau’s fa
Page 95 and 96:
edge, or in patch of savannah withi
Page 97 and 98:
that of previous studies of Wapisha
Page 99 and 100:
other cassava drinks and those made
Page 101 and 102:
and is effectively a volunteer spec
Page 103 and 104:
When growing in large stands, mango
Page 105 and 106:
Bananas Musa spp. 8 Thyme Lippia mi
Page 107 and 108:
crop. According to the reports of p
Page 109 and 110:
alone. A variety of binas 4 may be
Page 111 and 112:
manicole (Euterpe spp.), or a combi
Page 113 and 114:
areas on higher ground. Parrots and
Page 115 and 116:
egarded as edible were omitted, alo
Page 117 and 118:
Table 4.7 Animal categories reporte
Page 119 and 120:
when the mother has been hunted, an
Page 121 and 122:
and most of these in very small num
Page 123 and 124:
that the take had diminished rapidl
Page 125 and 126:
Oenocarpus 5 were treated as a sing
Page 127 and 128:
egularly visited areas, but as thes
Page 129 and 130:
of the European pig (Schomburgk 192
Page 131 and 132:
individual resident in Aishalton be
Page 133 and 134:
Useful trees were assigned to use c
Page 135 and 136:
Total number of uses 120 100 80 60
Page 137 and 138:
that the proportion of segregates w
Page 139 and 140:
CHAPTER 5: SYMBOLISM 5.1 Syncretism
Page 141 and 142:
clear that many aspects of knowledg
Page 143 and 144: malevolent purposes associated with
Page 145 and 146: ivers, especially at rapids or deep
Page 147 and 148: myself suffered a mysterious and hi
Page 149 and 150: 5.5 Ecological Implications The maj
Page 151 and 152: of spider monkey meat may, however,
Page 153 and 154: CHAPTER 6: ETHNOECOLOGY This chapte
Page 155 and 156: themselves. Such a circumstance aro
Page 157 and 158: may reflect local phenotypic divers
Page 159 and 160: format employed allows analysis to
Page 161 and 162: people use this and for what?", "Ho
Page 163 and 164: 6.2.2 Mechanisms of acquisition of
Page 165 and 166: my part. In all cases I looked for
Page 167 and 168: mobility prevented this. Three of t
Page 169 and 170: Opinion was also divided about the
Page 171 and 172: 6.3.5 Red-rumped agouti, ‘rabbit
Page 173 and 174: occupied in the dry season are aban
Page 175 and 176: 6.3.8 ‘Baboon’, red howler monk
Page 177 and 178: dynamics were considered by three i
Page 179 and 180: there was a seasonal food shortage
Page 181 and 182: din (an unidentified felid, probabl
Page 183 and 184: evealed information about this impo
Page 185 and 186: this could be conducted by examinin
Page 187 and 188: CHAPTER 7: ETHNOECOLOGY 2 - COMPARI
Page 189 and 190: caatinga (Olmos 1993), and were als
Page 191 and 192: Overall, the dietary data in the pr
Page 193: Studies from Brazil and Peru report
Page 197 and 198: cassava (Manihot esculenta), black-
Page 199 and 200: 7.6 Orange-rumped agouti Table 7.9.
Page 201 and 202: availability is at its seasonal low
Page 203 and 204: 7.8 Black spider monkey Specific fo
Page 205 and 206: from the current data set almost ce
Page 207 and 208: Table 7.16. Comparison of ethnoecol
Page 209 and 210: families Arecaceae (Palmae), Meliac
Page 213 and 214: Other ethnoecological data is compa
Page 217 and 218: the Wapishana biological lexicon. T
Page 219 and 220: as concrete stimuli for responses.
Page 221 and 222: CHAPTER 8: APPLICATIONS OF ETHNOECO
Page 223 and 224: herd, anticipate its movements and
Page 225 and 226: for several consecutive nights unti
Page 227 and 228: The gathering of eggs of turtles an
Page 229 and 230: importance of particular foods, esp
Page 231 and 232: Food plant Score Freq. Fruits eaten
Page 233 and 234: esearch later collaborated on biolo
Page 235 and 236: weaknesses correspond to some of th
Page 237 and 238: Subsistence is also heavily depende
Page 239 and 240: the most interesting questions. Did
Page 241 and 242: 9.3 Does the existing social-ecolog
Page 243 and 244: avoidance by people of particular a
Page 245 and 246:
via the exploitation of locally-ava
Page 247 and 248:
provide conceptual tools useful in
Page 249 and 250:
in such a way as to be complementar
Page 251 and 252:
consultation on all matters affecti
Page 253 and 254:
10.2 Research findings and their im
Page 255 and 256:
societies with other parties with w
Page 257 and 258:
10.4 Suggestions for further resear
Page 259 and 260:
REFERENCES Agrawal, A. 1995. ‘Dis
Page 261 and 262:
Barreto, G.R., O.E. Hernandez and J
Page 263 and 264:
Clement, C.R. 1993. 'Native Amazoni
Page 265 and 266:
EPA 1999. 'National Biodiversity Ac
Page 267 and 268:
Government of Guyana 1996. 'Proceed
Page 269 and 270:
Johnson, W.A. 1974. ‘Ethnoecology
Page 271 and 272:
Millner-Gulland, E.J. and R. Mace 1
Page 273 and 274:
Posey, D.A., J. Frechione, J. Eddin
Page 275 and 276:
Salisbury, R.F., M.J. Dummett, T.L.
Page 277 and 278:
Turner, H.E. 1972. ‘The Rupununi
Page 279 and 280:
APPENDICES These appendices list Wa
Page 281 and 282:
Wapishana name Creole name Scientif
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Wapishana Name Creole Name Scientif
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
show all

Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conservation And Development In A ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?