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Donovan, D.G. and R.K. Puri n.d. ‘Reconciling scientific and indigenous knowledge to further forestry research: the case of gaharu’. Manuscript submitted to Forest Ecology and Management. Dove, M. 1983. ‘Theories of swidden agriculture and the Political economy of ignorance’. Agroforestry systems 1(3): 85-99. Droste zu Hulshoff, B. van and W.P. Gregg Jr. 1985. ‘Biosphere reserves: demonstrating the value of conservation in sustaining society’. Parks 10(3): 2-5. Drummond, L. 1974. ‘Structure and process in the interpretation of South American myth: the Arawak dog spirit people’. American Anthropologist 77: 842-867. Duarte, J.M.B., (ed.) 1997. ‘Biologia e conservação de cervídeos sur-americanos: Blastocerus, Ozotocerus e Mazama’. FUNEP, Jaboticabal, SP. Dubost, G. 1988. ‘The ecology and social life of the red acouchy, Myoprocta exilis: comparison with the orange-rumped agouti, Dasyprocta leporina’. Journal of Zoology, London 214: 107-123. Dwyer, P.D. 1990. 'The pigs that ate the garden'. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. Eden, M.J. 1986. 'Monitoring indigenous shifting cultivation in forest areas of southwest Guyana using aerial photography and landsat'. Pp. 255-277 in Eden and Parry (eds.). Eden, M.J. and J.T. Parry (eds.) 1986. 'Remote Sensing and Tropical Land Management'. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Edwards, Stephen R. 1992. 'Wild bird trade: Perceptions and management in the Cooperative Republic of Guyana'. Pp. 77-85 in Thomsen et al. (eds.). Eghenter, C. 2000. ‘What is Tana Ulen good for? Considerations on indigenous forest management, conservation, and research in the interior of Borneo’. Human Ecology 28(3): 331-357. Eisenberg, J.F. 1989. ‘Mammals of the Neotropics vol. 1: the northern Neotropics’. University of Chicago Press, London. Ek, Renske 1996. 'Botanical richness of a part of the Guyana shield: the Guianas'. BOS Nieuwsletter 15(2), no. 34: 13-17. Ellen, R.F. 1975. ‘Variable constructs in Nuaulu zoological classification’. Social Science Information 14(3-4): 201-228. Ellen, R.F. 1978. ‘Nuaulu settlement and ecology : an approach to the environmental relations of an eastern Indonesian community’. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague. Ellen, R. F. 1982. 'Environment, subsistence and system. The ecology of small-scale social formations.' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Ellen, R.F. 1986. ‘What Black Elk left unsaid: on the illusory images of green primitivism’. Anthropology Today 2(6): 8-12. Ellen, R.F. 1993. ‘The cultural relations of classification’. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Ellen, R.F. and H.J. Harris 1997. ‘Concepts of Indigenous Environmental Knowledge in Scientific and Development Studies Literature: A Critical Assessment’. University of Kent at Canterbury, Canterbury. Available on internet at . Emmons, L.H. 1987. ‘Comparative feeding ecology of felids in a neotropical rainforest’. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 20: 271-283. Emmons, L.H. and F. Feer 1997. ‘Neotropical rainforest animals: a field guide’. Second Edition. University of Chicago Press, London.
EPA 1999. 'National Biodiversity Action Plan'. Environmental Protection Agency, Georgetown. EPA n.d. ‘Guidelines and regulations for biological research in Guyana’. Available on internet at . Ervin, A.E. 2000. ‘Applied Anthropology’. Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA. Escamilla, A., M. Sanvicente, M. Sosa and C. Galindo-Leal 2000. ‘Habitat mosaic, wildlife availability and hunting in the tropical forest of Calakmul, Mexico’. Conservation Biology 14(6): 1592-1601. Escobar, A. 1991. ‘Anthropology and the development encounter: the making and marketing of development anthropology’. American Ethnologist 18(4): 658-682. Escobar, A. 1995. ‘Encountering development: the making and unmaking of the third world’. Princeton University Press, Chichester. Etkins, N.L. 1994. ‘Eating on the wild side’. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Evans, C. and B. Meggers 1958. ‘Preliminary results of archaeological investigations in British Guiana’. Timehri 34: 5-26. Evans, C. and B. Meggers 1960. ‘Archaeological investigations in British Guiana’. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 177. Farabee, W.C. 1916. ‘The Arawaks of northern Brazil and Southern British Guiana’. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1(4): 427-437. Farabee, W.C. 1918. 'The Central Arawaks'. University of Pennysylvania Museum, Anthropological Publications vol. 9. Feer, F. 1993. 'The potential for sustainable hunting and rearing of game in tropical forests'. Ch. 59 (pp. 691-708) in Hladik et al (eds.). Ferguson, M.A.D., R.G. Williamson and F. Messier 1998. ‘Inuit knowledge of long-term changes in a population of Arctic tundra caribou’. Arctic 31(3): 201-219. Fisher, W.H. 1994. ‘Megadevelopment, environmentalism and resistance: the institutional context of Kayapó indigenous politics in central Brazil’. Human Organization 53(3): 220- 232. Forest Peoples' Programme 1997. ‘Indigenous peoples in Guyana complain to government about multinational miners and loggers’. Guyana information update, 30 June 1997. Forest Peoples Programme 1998. ‘Illegal logging discovered in Guyana’. Forest Peoples Programme Guyana Information Update 20 April, 1998. Available on internet at , last accessed 7/12/2001. Forte, G. 2000. 'Preliminary Socio-Economic Survey of Amerindian Communities in The Kanuku Mountains Area'. Report prepared on behalf of Conservation International Guyana. Forte, J. 1990a. 'The Populations of Guyanese Amerindian settlements in the 1980s'. Amerindian Research Unit, University of Guyana. Forte, J. 1990b. 'A preliminary assessment of the road to Brazil'. Amerindian Research Unit, University of Guyana. Forte, J. 1993. 'Amerindians and Poverty'. Background paper. Amerindian Research Unit, University of Guyana. Forte, J. 1995a. 'Forestry and Amerindians'. Background paper. Amerindian Research Unit, University of Guyana. Forte, J. (ed.) 1995b. Report of the UNDP consultation on indigenous peoples and national development held at Beterverwagting, Guyana on Feb. 14-15 1995.
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Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conserv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1. MAP OF
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intro
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subsistence strategies to exemplify
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context is provided by Wapishana cu
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a 'need' for meat even if their phy
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phenomenon and thus arguing that in
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populations of beaver and caribou (
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practice (Sillitoe 1998: 228-9). Th
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1.2.4 Does the nature of ethnoecolo
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presented on cultural ecology. This
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Riviere identifies cognatic descent
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the village and out in the forest.
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CHAPTER 2: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND D
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groups also comprise the majority i
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provides national-level representat
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around 4,000 km 2 and excluding man
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industries have been identified as
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events was the subject of much conc
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Changes in the global economy seem
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significant improvements in the sit
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industry rapidly disappeared. A pro
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Wapishana communities in which he w
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correspond to a remarkably high pro
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Thorbjarnarson 1991; Ojasti 1991; T
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2.6 Conservation interest in Guyana
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outreach in 1995, links between Iwo
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2.6.3 Other Activities Relating to
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enefit of the entire national popul
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forests of the Rupununi River itsel
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anchers narrowly failed in their al
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eleased, but it may well be that Co
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Information collected over the cour
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from the early 19th century unambig
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south as Kujuwini (Riviere 1963: 13
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Dadanawa in 1977, has a Wapishana m
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Wapishana resident in indigenous se
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through this body that the member v
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162). Extensive changes in the over
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Brethren faith, and has constructed
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Many labour emigrants spend several
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freedom and independence of local p
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CHAPTER 4: WAPISHANA CULTURAL ECOLO
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Table 4.1. Percentage of households
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Figure 4.1. Map of Maruranau’s fa
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edge, or in patch of savannah withi
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that of previous studies of Wapisha
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other cassava drinks and those made
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and is effectively a volunteer spec
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When growing in large stands, mango
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Bananas Musa spp. 8 Thyme Lippia mi
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crop. According to the reports of p
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alone. A variety of binas 4 may be
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manicole (Euterpe spp.), or a combi
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areas on higher ground. Parrots and
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egarded as edible were omitted, alo
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Table 4.7 Animal categories reporte
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when the mother has been hunted, an
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and most of these in very small num
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that the take had diminished rapidl
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Oenocarpus 5 were treated as a sing
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egularly visited areas, but as thes
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of the European pig (Schomburgk 192
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individual resident in Aishalton be
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Useful trees were assigned to use c
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Total number of uses 120 100 80 60
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that the proportion of segregates w
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CHAPTER 5: SYMBOLISM 5.1 Syncretism
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clear that many aspects of knowledg
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malevolent purposes associated with
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ivers, especially at rapids or deep
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myself suffered a mysterious and hi
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5.5 Ecological Implications The maj
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of spider monkey meat may, however,
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CHAPTER 6: ETHNOECOLOGY This chapte
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themselves. Such a circumstance aro
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may reflect local phenotypic divers
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format employed allows analysis to
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people use this and for what?", "Ho
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6.2.2 Mechanisms of acquisition of
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my part. In all cases I looked for
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mobility prevented this. Three of t
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Opinion was also divided about the
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6.3.5 Red-rumped agouti, ‘rabbit
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occupied in the dry season are aban
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6.3.8 ‘Baboon’, red howler monk
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dynamics were considered by three i
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there was a seasonal food shortage
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din (an unidentified felid, probabl
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evealed information about this impo
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this could be conducted by examinin
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CHAPTER 7: ETHNOECOLOGY 2 - COMPARI
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caatinga (Olmos 1993), and were als
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Overall, the dietary data in the pr
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Studies from Brazil and Peru report
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Table 7.5. List of food plants reco
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cassava (Manihot esculenta), black-
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7.6 Orange-rumped agouti Table 7.9.
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availability is at its seasonal low
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7.8 Black spider monkey Specific fo
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from the current data set almost ce
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Table 7.16. Comparison of ethnoecol
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families Arecaceae (Palmae), Meliac
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Table 7.20. Comparison of ethnoecol
Page 213 and 214: Other ethnoecological data is compa
Page 215 and 216: Table 7.25. Comparison of ethnoecol
Page 217 and 218: the Wapishana biological lexicon. T
Page 219 and 220: as concrete stimuli for responses.
Page 221 and 222: CHAPTER 8: APPLICATIONS OF ETHNOECO
Page 223 and 224: herd, anticipate its movements and
Page 225 and 226: for several consecutive nights unti
Page 227 and 228: The gathering of eggs of turtles an
Page 229 and 230: importance of particular foods, esp
Page 231 and 232: Food plant Score Freq. Fruits eaten
Page 233 and 234: esearch later collaborated on biolo
Page 235 and 236: weaknesses correspond to some of th
Page 237 and 238: Subsistence is also heavily depende
Page 239 and 240: the most interesting questions. Did
Page 241 and 242: 9.3 Does the existing social-ecolog
Page 243 and 244: avoidance by people of particular a
Page 245 and 246: via the exploitation of locally-ava
Page 247 and 248: provide conceptual tools useful in
Page 249 and 250: in such a way as to be complementar
Page 251 and 252: consultation on all matters affecti
Page 253 and 254: 10.2 Research findings and their im
Page 255 and 256: societies with other parties with w
Page 257 and 258: 10.4 Suggestions for further resear
Page 259 and 260: REFERENCES Agrawal, A. 1995. ‘Dis
Page 261 and 262: Barreto, G.R., O.E. Hernandez and J
Page 263: Clement, C.R. 1993. 'Native Amazoni
Page 267 and 268: Government of Guyana 1996. 'Proceed
Page 269 and 270: Johnson, W.A. 1974. ‘Ethnoecology
Page 271 and 272: Millner-Gulland, E.J. and R. Mace 1
Page 273 and 274: Posey, D.A., J. Frechione, J. Eddin
Page 275 and 276: Salisbury, R.F., M.J. Dummett, T.L.
Page 277 and 278: Turner, H.E. 1972. ‘The Rupununi
Page 279 and 280: APPENDICES These appendices list Wa
Page 281 and 282: Wapishana name Creole name Scientif
Page 289 and 290: Wapishana Name Creole Name Scientif
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