Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conservation And Development In A ...

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that this was destructive behaviour, in that fruit was eaten before having had a chance to mature and the tree was thus prevented from producing seeds. Four interviewees specified a single most important food species: in two cases this was iziari (Manilkara bidentata), in two others ma'arasao (not identified). Only one interviewee considered a seasonal food shortage to affect this species: according to him, this occurs in the dry season when koobiki and dyakara (both species of <strong>In</strong>ga) are the main sources of food. Each interviewee gave a slightly different range of group sizes, but these answers all overlapped and can be regarded as consistent. The smallest range suggested was 15-20, which was encompassed within those of all other responses. Two interviewees gave a minimum group size of 8, two gave a maximum size of 20 while other maxima were 30, 40 and 50. This suggests a consensus of groups ranging from 8 to 40 in size, with 15 to 20 being the most common. Two interviewees described a fusion- fission pattern of social organisation in which groups disperse into smaller feeding subgroups comprising small numbers of individuals, and aggregate at particularly ample food sources. Both considered this pattern to be a strategy for coping with the variable abundance of fruit, many trees providing too little to feed the entire group. A further interviewee mentioned that, owing to the large size of the social group, they will consume all the fruit on a tree on a single visit. Both the aforementioned interviewees also stated that groups sleep in a dispersed pattern, sometimes on different trees. These two were also the only interviewees to claim the use of home ranges, for which they suggested similar sizes (two miles and two-and-a-half miles respectively); both also noted that these home ranges were not exclusive to a single group. <strong>In</strong>formation on habitat use was roughly consistent. Two interviewees stated that this species lives only in high forest and is not found in the farming area, while another stated that they require large areas of forest and are therefore absent from forest islands. A fourth interviewee said they resided (meaning the location of nocturnal resting places) in mountains, but often descended to lower-lying areas during the course of the day's foraging. All three informants giving information on reproductive behaviour agreed that a single young is born. Two of these also said that parturition takes place at a particular time of year; however the times they suggested for this differed. Four interviewees gave information on predators, and all of these listed the harpy eagle (although the term used, kokoi, is also a generic term for eagles). Two of these each listed a further species of predator - the powis eagle in one case, and oao
din (an unidentified felid, probably an alternative name for Puma concolor) in the other. 6.4 Further information from ethnoecology Ethnoecological interviews highlighted numerous cases of usage of crops in farms by forest animals. A number of examples of animals feeding on the fruits of trees planted by people were also given. This information is reported in the sections on individual animal species in the next chapter, and is summarised in the following table: Table 6.1. Ethnoecological data on use of farm crops and planted trees by nondomesticated animals Crop plant Consumers reported in ethnoecological interviews Cassava Tayassu tajacu, T. pecari, Tapirus terrestris, Mazama (Manihot esculenta) americana, Dasyprocta agouti, Agouti paca Sweet potato Tayassu tajacu, T. pecari, Mazama americana, Dasyprocta (Ipomoea batatas) agouti, Agouti paca Yam Tayassu tajacu, T. pecari, Mazama americana, Dasyprocta (Dioscorea cayennensis) agouti, Agouti paca Eddo/dasheen Tayassu tajacu, T. pecari, Mazama americana, Dasyprocta (Colocasia esculenta) agouti, Agouti paca Banana Tapirus terrestris, Mazama americana, Dasyprocta agouti, (Musa. spp) Agouti paca, Eira barbara Pawpaw (Carica papaya) Tapirus terrestris, Mazama americana, , Eira barbara Black-eyed bean (Vigna sinensis) Mazama americana, Dasyprocta agouti Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) Mazama americana, Dasyprocta agouti Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) Mazama americana Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Mazama americana, Agouti paca Guava (Psidium guayaba) Mazama americana, Agouti paca Peanut (Arachis hypogea) Dasyprocta agouti Maize (Zea mays) Dasyprocta agouti, Agouti paca, Cebus apella Mango (Mangifera indica) Agouti paca Sugar Cane (Saccharum officianum) Cebus apella, Eira barbara
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Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conserv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1. MAP OF
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intro
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subsistence strategies to exemplify
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context is provided by Wapishana cu
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a 'need' for meat even if their phy
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phenomenon and thus arguing that in
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populations of beaver and caribou (
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practice (Sillitoe 1998: 228-9). Th
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1.2.4 Does the nature of ethnoecolo
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presented on cultural ecology. This
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Riviere identifies cognatic descent
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the village and out in the forest.
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CHAPTER 2: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND D
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groups also comprise the majority i
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provides national-level representat
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around 4,000 km 2 and excluding man
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industries have been identified as
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events was the subject of much conc
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Changes in the global economy seem
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significant improvements in the sit
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industry rapidly disappeared. A pro
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Wapishana communities in which he w
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correspond to a remarkably high pro
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Thorbjarnarson 1991; Ojasti 1991; T
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2.6 Conservation interest in Guyana
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outreach in 1995, links between Iwo
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2.6.3 Other Activities Relating to
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enefit of the entire national popul
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forests of the Rupununi River itsel
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anchers narrowly failed in their al
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eleased, but it may well be that Co
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Information collected over the cour
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from the early 19th century unambig
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south as Kujuwini (Riviere 1963: 13
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Dadanawa in 1977, has a Wapishana m
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Wapishana resident in indigenous se
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through this body that the member v
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162). Extensive changes in the over
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Brethren faith, and has constructed
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Many labour emigrants spend several
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freedom and independence of local p
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CHAPTER 4: WAPISHANA CULTURAL ECOLO
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Table 4.1. Percentage of households
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Figure 4.1. Map of Maruranau’s fa
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edge, or in patch of savannah withi
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that of previous studies of Wapisha
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other cassava drinks and those made
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and is effectively a volunteer spec
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When growing in large stands, mango
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Bananas Musa spp. 8 Thyme Lippia mi
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crop. According to the reports of p
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alone. A variety of binas 4 may be
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manicole (Euterpe spp.), or a combi
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areas on higher ground. Parrots and
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egarded as edible were omitted, alo
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Table 4.7 Animal categories reporte
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when the mother has been hunted, an
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and most of these in very small num
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that the take had diminished rapidl
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Oenocarpus 5 were treated as a sing
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egularly visited areas, but as thes
Page 129 and 130: of the European pig (Schomburgk 192
Page 131 and 132: individual resident in Aishalton be
Page 133 and 134: Useful trees were assigned to use c
Page 135 and 136: Total number of uses 120 100 80 60
Page 137 and 138: that the proportion of segregates w
Page 139 and 140: CHAPTER 5: SYMBOLISM 5.1 Syncretism
Page 141 and 142: clear that many aspects of knowledg
Page 143 and 144: malevolent purposes associated with
Page 145 and 146: ivers, especially at rapids or deep
Page 147 and 148: myself suffered a mysterious and hi
Page 149 and 150: 5.5 Ecological Implications The maj
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Page 153 and 154: CHAPTER 6: ETHNOECOLOGY This chapte
Page 155 and 156: themselves. Such a circumstance aro
Page 157 and 158: may reflect local phenotypic divers
Page 159 and 160: format employed allows analysis to
Page 161 and 162: people use this and for what?", "Ho
Page 163 and 164: 6.2.2 Mechanisms of acquisition of
Page 165 and 166: my part. In all cases I looked for
Page 167 and 168: mobility prevented this. Three of t
Page 169 and 170: Opinion was also divided about the
Page 171 and 172: 6.3.5 Red-rumped agouti, ‘rabbit
Page 173 and 174: occupied in the dry season are aban
Page 175 and 176: 6.3.8 ‘Baboon’, red howler monk
Page 177 and 178: dynamics were considered by three i
Page 179: there was a seasonal food shortage
Page 183 and 184: evealed information about this impo
Page 185 and 186: this could be conducted by examinin
Page 187 and 188: CHAPTER 7: ETHNOECOLOGY 2 - COMPARI
Page 189 and 190: caatinga (Olmos 1993), and were als
Page 191 and 192: Overall, the dietary data in the pr
Page 193 and 194: Studies from Brazil and Peru report
Page 195 and 196: Table 7.5. List of food plants reco
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Page 199 and 200: 7.6 Orange-rumped agouti Table 7.9.
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Page 203 and 204: 7.8 Black spider monkey Specific fo
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Page 207 and 208: Table 7.16. Comparison of ethnoecol
Page 209 and 210: families Arecaceae (Palmae), Meliac
Page 213 and 214: Other ethnoecological data is compa
Page 217 and 218: the Wapishana biological lexicon. T
Page 219 and 220: as concrete stimuli for responses.
Page 221 and 222: CHAPTER 8: APPLICATIONS OF ETHNOECO
Page 223 and 224: herd, anticipate its movements and
Page 225 and 226: for several consecutive nights unti
Page 227 and 228: The gathering of eggs of turtles an
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Food plant Score Freq. Fruits eaten
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esearch later collaborated on biolo
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weaknesses correspond to some of th
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Subsistence is also heavily depende
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the most interesting questions. Did
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9.3 Does the existing social-ecolog
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avoidance by people of particular a
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via the exploitation of locally-ava
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provide conceptual tools useful in
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in such a way as to be complementar
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consultation on all matters affecti
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10.2 Research findings and their im
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societies with other parties with w
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10.4 Suggestions for further resear
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REFERENCES Agrawal, A. 1995. ‘Dis
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Barreto, G.R., O.E. Hernandez and J
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Clement, C.R. 1993. 'Native Amazoni
Page 265 and 266:
EPA 1999. 'National Biodiversity Ac
Page 267 and 268:
Government of Guyana 1996. 'Proceed
Page 269 and 270:
Johnson, W.A. 1974. ‘Ethnoecology
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Millner-Gulland, E.J. and R. Mace 1
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Posey, D.A., J. Frechione, J. Eddin
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Salisbury, R.F., M.J. Dummett, T.L.
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Turner, H.E. 1972. ‘The Rupununi
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APPENDICES These appendices list Wa
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Wapishana name Creole name Scientif
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Wapishana Name Creole Name Scientif
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