Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conservation And Development In A ...

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Table 7.10. Comparison of ethnoecological and ecological data sets for Dasyprocta agouti Subject Ethnoecological observations Ecological observations Diet Seeds dominate, fruits also Seeds and fruit pulp each comprise important around 40% of diet, seeds being Raid farms for a variety of crops slightly more. Small amounts of Use discarded animal bones and tortoise shells for gnawing unspecified animal food eaten [1] Face food shortage during dry More pulp eaten when available, but season, when food is obtained by total food intake lower at time of crop-raiding, returning to sites where fruit pulp previously eaten to peak fruit availability [1] consume the seeds, and use of Bury nuts in ground to be retrieved seeds cached when abundant, especially those of Licania Attalea regia and Licania most important foods Seed predators when food scarce [6] Habitat use Found in forest, bush islands and Inhabit all forest types, including gallery forest in savannahs disturbed forest[2] Most abundant in farming area Prefer areas with undergrowth for cover [6] Activity Diurnal, sometimes nocturnal Diurnal, with activity extending into patterns first hour of night [2] Resting place Burrows or holes in rotten trees Not reported Intraspecific Solitary or in pairs 67% of encounters in field lone animals; social groups based around breeding pair and their offspring but individuals within a group occupy separate home ranges [2] Reproductive Litter size 1-3 Births concentrated over extended period in late dry season and early rainy season Born and cared for by mother in burrow 1-3 young, mean 2 [2] Interspecific Predators include Panthera onca, Agoutis eaten by Panthera onca, Puma concolor, Leopardus sp./spp., Leopardus pardalis and L. wiedii [3] Herpailurus yaguarondi, Constrictor Dasyprocta variegata eaten by P. constrictor and Harpia harpyja onca, Puma concolor, L. pardalis [4] Remains of D. agouti found in nests of Harpia harpyja [5] Antipredator behaviour exhibited towards several species of snake [2] [1] Henry 1997 [2] Dubost 1988 [3] Tewes and Schmidly 1987 [4] Emmons 1987 [5] Rettig 1978 [6] Emmons and Feer 1997: 226-7 Table 7.10 compares the small ecological literature on Dasyprocta agouti, which is sometimes included in the species D. leporina (e.g., Eisenberg 1989: 399), with ethnoecological data collected in the present study. Nine of ten observations in the ethnoecological data set concur with the published literature. The exception is the finding that food intake is actually highest during the time of year when fruit
availability is at its seasonal low (Henry 1997). While it could be that this reflects the consumption of higher volumes of low quality foods, the way in which the dry season food shortage was articulated by ethnoecological informants clearly implied a lower quantity of available food, and it does not appear that the two are reconcilable. 7.7 Laba Table 7.11. List of food plants recorded in ethnoecological interviews on Agouti paca Wapishana name English name Pokoridi Attalea regia: Palmae Dyuwuza Mauritia flexuosa: Palmae Poo'a Pouteria sp.: Sapotaceae Kawarori Anacardium giganteum: Anacardiaceae Ochoro Oenocarpus bataua: Palmae Waazu Astrocaryum aculeatum: Palmae Naata Hymenaea courbaril: Leguminosae (Caesalpinioideae) Iziari Manilkara bidentata: Sapotaceae Zuupu Spondias mombin: Anacardiaceae Wamooko Parinari excelsa: Chrysobalanaceae Mapuza Oenocarpus bacaba: Palmae Koram Inga alba: Leguminosae (Mimosoideae) Otoochi cf. Manilkara: Sapotaceae Bowao Tetragastris sp./spp.: Burseraceae Bakopara Pouteria sericea: Sapotaceae Taamada Eschweilera wachenheimii: Lecythidaceae Koron Catostemma fragrans: Bombacaceae Marushobi Geissospermum argenteum: Apocynaceae Mawaorakun Trichilia pleeana: Meliaceae Tokoro Licania spp.: Chrysobalanaceae Mangoro Mangifera indica: Anacardiaceae Guayaba Psidium guajava: Myrtaceae Toboicho Anacardium occidentale: Anacardiaceae Foods reported more than once for oran included the seeds and/or fruits of the species listed in table 7.11. Flowers were also reported to be eaten, including those of taamada (Eschweilera wachenheimii). The fruits and/or seeds of several cultivated tree species were also reported to be eaten, especially mangoro (Mangifera indica), and also guava (Psidium guajava) and cashew (Anacardium occidentale). Several farm crops were also reported to be eaten, including corn (Zea mays), bananas (Musa spp.) and pumpkin, and the roots of yam (Dioscorea cayennensis), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), eddo (Colocasia esculenta) and -
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Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conserv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1. MAP OF
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intro
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subsistence strategies to exemplify
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context is provided by Wapishana cu
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a 'need' for meat even if their phy
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phenomenon and thus arguing that in
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populations of beaver and caribou (
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practice (Sillitoe 1998: 228-9). Th
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1.2.4 Does the nature of ethnoecolo
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presented on cultural ecology. This
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Riviere identifies cognatic descent
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the village and out in the forest.
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CHAPTER 2: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND D
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groups also comprise the majority i
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provides national-level representat
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around 4,000 km 2 and excluding man
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industries have been identified as
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events was the subject of much conc
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Changes in the global economy seem
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significant improvements in the sit
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industry rapidly disappeared. A pro
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Wapishana communities in which he w
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correspond to a remarkably high pro
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Thorbjarnarson 1991; Ojasti 1991; T
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2.6 Conservation interest in Guyana
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outreach in 1995, links between Iwo
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2.6.3 Other Activities Relating to
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enefit of the entire national popul
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forests of the Rupununi River itsel
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anchers narrowly failed in their al
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eleased, but it may well be that Co
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Information collected over the cour
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from the early 19th century unambig
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south as Kujuwini (Riviere 1963: 13
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Dadanawa in 1977, has a Wapishana m
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Wapishana resident in indigenous se
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through this body that the member v
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162). Extensive changes in the over
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Brethren faith, and has constructed
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Many labour emigrants spend several
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freedom and independence of local p
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CHAPTER 4: WAPISHANA CULTURAL ECOLO
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Table 4.1. Percentage of households
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Figure 4.1. Map of Maruranau’s fa
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edge, or in patch of savannah withi
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that of previous studies of Wapisha
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other cassava drinks and those made
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and is effectively a volunteer spec
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When growing in large stands, mango
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Bananas Musa spp. 8 Thyme Lippia mi
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crop. According to the reports of p
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alone. A variety of binas 4 may be
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manicole (Euterpe spp.), or a combi
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areas on higher ground. Parrots and
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egarded as edible were omitted, alo
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Table 4.7 Animal categories reporte
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when the mother has been hunted, an
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and most of these in very small num
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that the take had diminished rapidl
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Oenocarpus 5 were treated as a sing
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egularly visited areas, but as thes
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of the European pig (Schomburgk 192
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individual resident in Aishalton be
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Useful trees were assigned to use c
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Total number of uses 120 100 80 60
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that the proportion of segregates w
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CHAPTER 5: SYMBOLISM 5.1 Syncretism
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clear that many aspects of knowledg
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malevolent purposes associated with
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ivers, especially at rapids or deep
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myself suffered a mysterious and hi
Page 149 and 150: 5.5 Ecological Implications The maj
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Page 153 and 154: CHAPTER 6: ETHNOECOLOGY This chapte
Page 155 and 156: themselves. Such a circumstance aro
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Page 161 and 162: people use this and for what?", "Ho
Page 163 and 164: 6.2.2 Mechanisms of acquisition of
Page 165 and 166: my part. In all cases I looked for
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Page 169 and 170: Opinion was also divided about the
Page 171 and 172: 6.3.5 Red-rumped agouti, ‘rabbit
Page 173 and 174: occupied in the dry season are aban
Page 175 and 176: 6.3.8 ‘Baboon’, red howler monk
Page 177 and 178: dynamics were considered by three i
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Page 187 and 188: CHAPTER 7: ETHNOECOLOGY 2 - COMPARI
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Page 191 and 192: Overall, the dietary data in the pr
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Page 195 and 196: Table 7.5. List of food plants reco
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Page 199: 7.6 Orange-rumped agouti Table 7.9.
Page 203 and 204: 7.8 Black spider monkey Specific fo
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Page 207 and 208: Table 7.16. Comparison of ethnoecol
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Page 213 and 214: Other ethnoecological data is compa
Page 217 and 218: the Wapishana biological lexicon. T
Page 219 and 220: as concrete stimuli for responses.
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Page 223 and 224: herd, anticipate its movements and
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Page 227 and 228: The gathering of eggs of turtles an
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Page 231 and 232: Food plant Score Freq. Fruits eaten
Page 233 and 234: esearch later collaborated on biolo
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Page 237 and 238: Subsistence is also heavily depende
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Page 241 and 242: 9.3 Does the existing social-ecolog
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consultation on all matters affecti
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10.2 Research findings and their im
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societies with other parties with w
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10.4 Suggestions for further resear
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REFERENCES Agrawal, A. 1995. ‘Dis
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Barreto, G.R., O.E. Hernandez and J
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Clement, C.R. 1993. 'Native Amazoni
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EPA 1999. 'National Biodiversity Ac
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Government of Guyana 1996. 'Proceed
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Johnson, W.A. 1974. ‘Ethnoecology
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Millner-Gulland, E.J. and R. Mace 1
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Posey, D.A., J. Frechione, J. Eddin
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Salisbury, R.F., M.J. Dummett, T.L.
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Turner, H.E. 1972. ‘The Rupununi
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APPENDICES These appendices list Wa
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Wapishana name Creole name Scientif
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Wapishana Name Creole Name Scientif
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