Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conservation And Development In A ...

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numbers recorded for each species. Ten of these were identical to those among the next eleven species according to average rank, and I determined to include these ten in the class of most heavily hunted animals. Sixteen animal categories were thus determined to comprise those subjected to the heaviest hunting pressure, and these are listed in table 4.6. The two categories found in only one of these top-ranked groups and thus relegated were kowachi, the coatimundi (Nasua nasua) and maami (Tinamus major). Table 4.6. Animal categories reported by hunters to have experienced high mean levels of hunting pressure over time.. Wapishana name English name Latin name Bakuru Collared peccary Tayassu tajacu Bich White-lipped peccary T. pecari Oran Laba/paca Agouti paca Kapash Armadillo Dasypus spp., Cabassous unicinctus Sokoru Agouti Dasyprocta agouti Adori Accouri Myoprocta acouchy Koshara Red Brocket Deer Mazama americana Pawish Powis Crax alector Katorizo Etai macaw Ara manilata Maratu Marudi Penelope spp. Shaakoo Scarlet Macaw Ara macao Namachi Worakobra/Grey-winged trumpeter Psophia crepitans Wurada Yellow-footed tortoise, red-footed tortoise Geocheleone spp Sowan Iguana Iguana iguana Atukara Salapinta Tupinambis negropunctatus Atoru Caimans/’Alligators’ Caiman spp. I assigned animals to the next group on the basis of total numbers reported alone, as for most of them the figures for average rank converged somewhat. This is because for each of the less commonly hunted animals, several hunters reported that they had never killed them, and they thus formed part of a large group with identical, minimum, ranks for that particular interviewee. Somewhat arbitrarily, I selected the figure of thirty as the lowest total score that would merit inclusion in the second class, on the basis that it is a round number which separated the groups roughly in half, and fell between a species of duck reported by people to be a popular food, and the fox, which is normally hunted only for pest control. Table 4.7 lists the animal categories included in this second group.
Table 4.7 Animal categories reported by hunters to have experienced intermediate mean levels of hunting pressure over time. Wapishana name English and/or Creolese names Latin name Kowachi Coatimundi/’Kibihee’ Nasua nasua Kasho Capybara/’Waatrash’ Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris Aro White-tailed or ‘savannah’ deer Odocoileus virginianus Powatu Brown capuchin/’Jack’ Cebus apella Wishi Bearded saki/’Bisa’ Chiropotes satanas Roomi Spider Monkey/’Kwata’ Ateles paniscus Oao Wedge-capped capuchin Cebus olivaceus Adorom Cavia aperea Daakari Savannah quail Colinus cristatus Maami Maam Tinamus major Kazaru Blue and gold macaw Ara ararauna Chaakoi Toucan Ramphastos tucanus Wakokoo ‘Pigeon’ Columba cayennensis Kuwiari Red macaw Ara chloroptera Kochoi Pipile pipile Pada-pada ‘Pigeon’ Zenaida auriculata Bididi Duck Dendrocygna viduata Dazao ‘Water Turtle’ Testudinata Matada Giant river turtle Podocnemis expansa Dyaoruka ‘Water turtle’ Testudinata Table 4.8 lists a third group of animal categories, those determined to have a low hunting pressure. This includes all categories for whom the total number of reported kills was insufficient for inclusion in the second group, above another arbitrary cut- off point. All cases where the total reported number of kills was less than ten were treated as insignificant and discounted. Several features of this analysis are noteworthy. First, koshara is indicated by this method to be a game animal of considerable importance, suggesting that the results of the household interviews are somewhat misleading in this particular respect. Second, all the primate species are in the second or third classes, reflecting the fairly low hunting pressure on these animals already discussed. Third, tapir is killed at a very low frequency, being in the lowest class with a score somewhat lower than that of, for example the rarely seen, and even more rarely killed, wedge-capped capuchin monkey (Cebus olivaceus). The grey brocket deer is another species that, apparently for similar reasons, finds itself included in the third class (see chapter 5.3). Finally three categories of reptiles were included in the top category despite not featuring in household interviews on hunting preferences: sowan (Iguana iguana), atoru (Caiman spp.) and atukara (Tupinambis negropunctatus). Presumably this reflects a difference between hunting preferences and hunting practices: while they are not the most sought after prey, they are nonetheless perfectly good food and
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Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conserv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1. MAP OF
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intro
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subsistence strategies to exemplify
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context is provided by Wapishana cu
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a 'need' for meat even if their phy
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phenomenon and thus arguing that in
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populations of beaver and caribou (
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practice (Sillitoe 1998: 228-9). Th
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1.2.4 Does the nature of ethnoecolo
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presented on cultural ecology. This
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Riviere identifies cognatic descent
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the village and out in the forest.
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CHAPTER 2: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND D
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groups also comprise the majority i
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provides national-level representat
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around 4,000 km 2 and excluding man
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industries have been identified as
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events was the subject of much conc
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Changes in the global economy seem
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significant improvements in the sit
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industry rapidly disappeared. A pro
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Wapishana communities in which he w
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correspond to a remarkably high pro
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Thorbjarnarson 1991; Ojasti 1991; T
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2.6 Conservation interest in Guyana
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outreach in 1995, links between Iwo
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2.6.3 Other Activities Relating to
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enefit of the entire national popul
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forests of the Rupununi River itsel
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Page 69 and 70: Information collected over the cour
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Page 73 and 74: south as Kujuwini (Riviere 1963: 13
Page 75 and 76: Dadanawa in 1977, has a Wapishana m
Page 77 and 78: Wapishana resident in indigenous se
Page 79 and 80: through this body that the member v
Page 81 and 82: 162). Extensive changes in the over
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Page 85 and 86: Many labour emigrants spend several
Page 87 and 88: freedom and independence of local p
Page 89 and 90: CHAPTER 4: WAPISHANA CULTURAL ECOLO
Page 91 and 92: Table 4.1. Percentage of households
Page 93 and 94: Figure 4.1. Map of Maruranau’s fa
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Page 97 and 98: that of previous studies of Wapisha
Page 99 and 100: other cassava drinks and those made
Page 101 and 102: and is effectively a volunteer spec
Page 103 and 104: When growing in large stands, mango
Page 105 and 106: Bananas Musa spp. 8 Thyme Lippia mi
Page 107 and 108: crop. According to the reports of p
Page 109 and 110: alone. A variety of binas 4 may be
Page 111 and 112: manicole (Euterpe spp.), or a combi
Page 113 and 114: areas on higher ground. Parrots and
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Page 119 and 120: when the mother has been hunted, an
Page 121 and 122: and most of these in very small num
Page 123 and 124: that the take had diminished rapidl
Page 125 and 126: Oenocarpus 5 were treated as a sing
Page 127 and 128: egularly visited areas, but as thes
Page 129 and 130: of the European pig (Schomburgk 192
Page 131 and 132: individual resident in Aishalton be
Page 133 and 134: Useful trees were assigned to use c
Page 135 and 136: Total number of uses 120 100 80 60
Page 137 and 138: that the proportion of segregates w
Page 139 and 140: CHAPTER 5: SYMBOLISM 5.1 Syncretism
Page 141 and 142: clear that many aspects of knowledg
Page 143 and 144: malevolent purposes associated with
Page 145 and 146: ivers, especially at rapids or deep
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Page 149 and 150: 5.5 Ecological Implications The maj
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Page 153 and 154: CHAPTER 6: ETHNOECOLOGY This chapte
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Page 157 and 158: may reflect local phenotypic divers
Page 159 and 160: format employed allows analysis to
Page 161 and 162: people use this and for what?", "Ho
Page 163 and 164: 6.2.2 Mechanisms of acquisition of
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mobility prevented this. Three of t
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Opinion was also divided about the
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6.3.5 Red-rumped agouti, ‘rabbit
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occupied in the dry season are aban
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6.3.8 ‘Baboon’, red howler monk
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dynamics were considered by three i
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there was a seasonal food shortage
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din (an unidentified felid, probabl
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evealed information about this impo
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this could be conducted by examinin
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CHAPTER 7: ETHNOECOLOGY 2 - COMPARI
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caatinga (Olmos 1993), and were als
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Overall, the dietary data in the pr
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Studies from Brazil and Peru report
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Table 7.5. List of food plants reco
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cassava (Manihot esculenta), black-
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7.6 Orange-rumped agouti Table 7.9.
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availability is at its seasonal low
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7.8 Black spider monkey Specific fo
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from the current data set almost ce
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Table 7.16. Comparison of ethnoecol
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families Arecaceae (Palmae), Meliac
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Other ethnoecological data is compa
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the Wapishana biological lexicon. T
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as concrete stimuli for responses.
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CHAPTER 8: APPLICATIONS OF ETHNOECO
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herd, anticipate its movements and
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for several consecutive nights unti
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The gathering of eggs of turtles an
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importance of particular foods, esp
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Food plant Score Freq. Fruits eaten
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esearch later collaborated on biolo
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weaknesses correspond to some of th
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Subsistence is also heavily depende
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the most interesting questions. Did
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9.3 Does the existing social-ecolog
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avoidance by people of particular a
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via the exploitation of locally-ava
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provide conceptual tools useful in
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in such a way as to be complementar
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consultation on all matters affecti
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10.2 Research findings and their im
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societies with other parties with w
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10.4 Suggestions for further resear
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REFERENCES Agrawal, A. 1995. ‘Dis
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Barreto, G.R., O.E. Hernandez and J
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Clement, C.R. 1993. 'Native Amazoni
Page 265 and 266:
EPA 1999. 'National Biodiversity Ac
Page 267 and 268:
Government of Guyana 1996. 'Proceed
Page 269 and 270:
Johnson, W.A. 1974. ‘Ethnoecology
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Millner-Gulland, E.J. and R. Mace 1
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Posey, D.A., J. Frechione, J. Eddin
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Salisbury, R.F., M.J. Dummett, T.L.
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Turner, H.E. 1972. ‘The Rupununi
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APPENDICES These appendices list Wa
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Wapishana name Creole name Scientif
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Wapishana Name Creole Name Scientif
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