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satisfactory results were not obtained. Adapting the methods of consensus analysis to deal with ethnoecological data was beyond the scope of the present thesis; however, it is a task which may prove important in the continued development of research methods in ethnoecology. This chapter has demonstrated the accessibility of ethnoecological data via an interview framework based upon categories derived from the biological sciences. The next chapter further explores the compatibility of ethnoecological and scientific methods, and presents a direct comparison between data sets generated by the two methods.
CHAPTER 7: ETHNOECOLOGY 2 - COMPARISON OF ETHNOECOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL DATA. 7.1 <strong>In</strong>troduction This chapter presents an evaluation of the ethnoecological data set based upon a direct comparison with the published literature. For each species subject to an in- depth ethnoecological investigation, a comparison with the ecological literature was conducted. The quantity and quality of literature available varied greatly among species. A great deal of literature exists on some of the primate species, some of it based upon multi-year studies, and collared peccaries have been the subject of several studies, whereas for some other species such as the agoutis very little field data is readily available and many basic aspects of their ecology have not been documented. Further, in many cases the best ecological data sets available for comparison are from field sites a considerable distance from that of the present study. Much of the data on the ecology of peccaries, for example, is from a site in Amazonian Peru. While there is some degree of floristic overlap, the habitats are sufficiently different in terms of climate and floristic composition that differences between the two sites in the ecology of local populations of a species are to be expected. Direct comparison was made both of species lists of foods consumed, and of other aspects of the ecology. Food lists were compared at both the generic and family levels. Given that many of the botanical glosses assigned to Wapishana plant names in the present study are tentative, I considered it more appropriate to employ the genus, at which the glosses used are more likely to be accurate, than the species as the most precise taxonomic level for comparison. Owing to the differences in the study sites between the two data sets, I also made a comparison at the family level. Two sites which are widely-dispersed geographically may have limited floristic overlap at the genus or species level, but most families of plants have a very wide geographical distribution. As fructiferous characteristics are one of the major bases according to which plants are assigned to families, it is to be likely that a species of frugivorous animal will consume fruits of plants of the same family in different locations. Comparison of qualitative observations was made on the basis of compatibility. For each observation included in the ethnoecological data set, information on the
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Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conserv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1. MAP OF
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intro
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subsistence strategies to exemplify
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context is provided by Wapishana cu
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a 'need' for meat even if their phy
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phenomenon and thus arguing that in
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populations of beaver and caribou (
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practice (Sillitoe 1998: 228-9). Th
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1.2.4 Does the nature of ethnoecolo
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presented on cultural ecology. This
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Riviere identifies cognatic descent
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the village and out in the forest.
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CHAPTER 2: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND D
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groups also comprise the majority i
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provides national-level representat
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around 4,000 km 2 and excluding man
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industries have been identified as
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events was the subject of much conc
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Changes in the global economy seem
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significant improvements in the sit
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industry rapidly disappeared. A pro
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Wapishana communities in which he w
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correspond to a remarkably high pro
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Thorbjarnarson 1991; Ojasti 1991; T
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2.6 Conservation interest in Guyana
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outreach in 1995, links between Iwo
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2.6.3 Other Activities Relating to
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enefit of the entire national popul
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forests of the Rupununi River itsel
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anchers narrowly failed in their al
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eleased, but it may well be that Co
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Information collected over the cour
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from the early 19th century unambig
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south as Kujuwini (Riviere 1963: 13
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Dadanawa in 1977, has a Wapishana m
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Wapishana resident in indigenous se
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through this body that the member v
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162). Extensive changes in the over
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Brethren faith, and has constructed
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Many labour emigrants spend several
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freedom and independence of local p
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CHAPTER 4: WAPISHANA CULTURAL ECOLO
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Table 4.1. Percentage of households
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Figure 4.1. Map of Maruranau’s fa
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edge, or in patch of savannah withi
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that of previous studies of Wapisha
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other cassava drinks and those made
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and is effectively a volunteer spec
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When growing in large stands, mango
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Bananas Musa spp. 8 Thyme Lippia mi
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crop. According to the reports of p
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alone. A variety of binas 4 may be
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manicole (Euterpe spp.), or a combi
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areas on higher ground. Parrots and
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egarded as edible were omitted, alo
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Table 4.7 Animal categories reporte
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when the mother has been hunted, an
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and most of these in very small num
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that the take had diminished rapidl
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Oenocarpus 5 were treated as a sing
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egularly visited areas, but as thes
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of the European pig (Schomburgk 192
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individual resident in Aishalton be
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Useful trees were assigned to use c
Page 135 and 136: Total number of uses 120 100 80 60
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Page 139 and 140: CHAPTER 5: SYMBOLISM 5.1 Syncretism
Page 141 and 142: clear that many aspects of knowledg
Page 143 and 144: malevolent purposes associated with
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Page 147 and 148: myself suffered a mysterious and hi
Page 149 and 150: 5.5 Ecological Implications The maj
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Page 153 and 154: CHAPTER 6: ETHNOECOLOGY This chapte
Page 155 and 156: themselves. Such a circumstance aro
Page 157 and 158: may reflect local phenotypic divers
Page 159 and 160: format employed allows analysis to
Page 161 and 162: people use this and for what?", "Ho
Page 163 and 164: 6.2.2 Mechanisms of acquisition of
Page 165 and 166: my part. In all cases I looked for
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Page 169 and 170: Opinion was also divided about the
Page 171 and 172: 6.3.5 Red-rumped agouti, ‘rabbit
Page 173 and 174: occupied in the dry season are aban
Page 175 and 176: 6.3.8 ‘Baboon’, red howler monk
Page 177 and 178: dynamics were considered by three i
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Page 181 and 182: din (an unidentified felid, probabl
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Page 185: this could be conducted by examinin
Page 189 and 190: caatinga (Olmos 1993), and were als
Page 191 and 192: Overall, the dietary data in the pr
Page 193 and 194: Studies from Brazil and Peru report
Page 195 and 196: Table 7.5. List of food plants reco
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Page 199 and 200: 7.6 Orange-rumped agouti Table 7.9.
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Page 203 and 204: 7.8 Black spider monkey Specific fo
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Page 207 and 208: Table 7.16. Comparison of ethnoecol
Page 209 and 210: families Arecaceae (Palmae), Meliac
Page 213 and 214: Other ethnoecological data is compa
Page 217 and 218: the Wapishana biological lexicon. T
Page 219 and 220: as concrete stimuli for responses.
Page 221 and 222: CHAPTER 8: APPLICATIONS OF ETHNOECO
Page 223 and 224: herd, anticipate its movements and
Page 225 and 226: for several consecutive nights unti
Page 227 and 228: The gathering of eggs of turtles an
Page 229 and 230: importance of particular foods, esp
Page 231 and 232: Food plant Score Freq. Fruits eaten
Page 233 and 234: esearch later collaborated on biolo
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Subsistence is also heavily depende
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the most interesting questions. Did
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9.3 Does the existing social-ecolog
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avoidance by people of particular a
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via the exploitation of locally-ava
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provide conceptual tools useful in
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in such a way as to be complementar
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consultation on all matters affecti
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10.2 Research findings and their im
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societies with other parties with w
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10.4 Suggestions for further resear
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REFERENCES Agrawal, A. 1995. ‘Dis
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Barreto, G.R., O.E. Hernandez and J
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Clement, C.R. 1993. 'Native Amazoni
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EPA 1999. 'National Biodiversity Ac
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Government of Guyana 1996. 'Proceed
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Johnson, W.A. 1974. ‘Ethnoecology
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Millner-Gulland, E.J. and R. Mace 1
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Posey, D.A., J. Frechione, J. Eddin
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Salisbury, R.F., M.J. Dummett, T.L.
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Turner, H.E. 1972. ‘The Rupununi
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APPENDICES These appendices list Wa
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Wapishana name Creole name Scientif
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Wapishana Name Creole Name Scientif
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