Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conservation And Development In A ...

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Two studies report plant species whose fruits and/or seeds are eaten by Chiropotes satanas in Surinam. The earlier, more complete study includes Chrysophyllum auratum and three other genera in the Sapotaceae, Tetragastris altissima and T. panamensis, six species of Inga, one species from the Papilionaceae, one from Chrysobalanaceae, and species from three different genera among the Moraceae (Roosmalen et al. 1981). The later study lists the top twenty foods observed to be eaten over a six- month period, which include three species of Inga, and members of the families Sapotaceae, Leguminosae (Papilionoideae), Chrysobalanaceae and Moraceae (Norcock and Kinzey 1994). Partial information on diet from Venezuela included Chrysophyllum lucentifolium and unidentified members of the Leguminosae and Moraceae among the fruits eaten (Kinzey and Norcock 1993). Of the eleven identified food plants in the present study, five are thus corroborated to genus level and a further five to family level. Table 7.22. Comparison of ethnoecological and ecological data for Chiropotes satanas. Subject Ethnoecological data Ecological observations Diet Entire diet consists of fruits, 204 of 217 feeding observations on fruits both ripe and unripe and/or seeds. Immature seeds consumed of 52 of 86 plant species eaten. [1] Seed predators Over 90% of feeding observations on fruits or seeds [2] Over 90% of feeding samples on fruits and seeds [3] 66.4% of feeding observations involved seed predation [1] 38.75% of seeds eaten predated, 51.25 dispersed[2] Seeds masticated in 86.4% of feeding samples[3] Feed mostly on fruits whose seeds are eaten [4] Social Group size 8-40, usually 15- Group size 8-30+, specific sizes observed 20 were 8, 9-12, 15+ and 27+ [1] Groups separate temporarily ‘Feeding units’ of 9 and 13 individuals in for feeding, according to size reported [3] quantity of fruit available on Local fission of groups on arrival at food any particular tree. Group will also disperse somewhat for sleeping sources [3] Habitat use High forest 98.7% of observations in high forest [1] 100% of observations in high forest [2] Reproductive Litter size 1 Litter size 1 [1] Interspecific Predated by Harpia harpyja Remains found in nest of Harpia harpyja and possibly other eagles [5] [1] Roosmalen et al. 1981 [2] Mittermeier and Roosmalen 1981 [3] Norcock and Kinzey 1994 [4] Kinzey and Norcock 1993 [5] Rettig 1978
Other ethnoecological data is compared with the ecological literature in table 7.22. The eight observations comparable between the data sets concur in all but one important case. While ethnoecological informants all characterised this species solely as a seed predator, studies of its ecology in Surinam showed that in many cases seeds may actually be dispersed (Roosmalen et al. 1981; Mittermeier and Roosmalen 1981). The error may be due to people generalising on the basis of observations on the consumption of unripe fruits and predation of their seeds, a unique and thus distinctive behaviour among Guyana's monkeys. This could lead to a misconception that seed predation always takes place when fruits are eaten by this species. 7.13 Guiana Saki All those interviewed about Oroa reported that ripe fruits are eaten. Those mentioned more than once are shown in table 7.23. Other food categories reported were young leaves and flowers, but in neither case was reference made to any specific kinds. A partial list of foods eaten by Pithecia pithecia in Surinam included the fruits of two species of Inga and seeds of one species from the Sapotaceae among a total of seventeen species (Buchanan et al. 1981). Fruits reported to be eaten in Venezuela included Chrysophyllum argenteum and other members of the Sapotaceae, along with members of the Mimosaceae (Kinzey and Norcock 1993). The brevity of all lists of food species probably results from the difficulty of observing this highly cryptic monkey species in the wild. Table 7.23. List of food plants recorded in ethnoecological interviews on Pithecia pithecia, and their corroboration in the ecological literature. Wapishana name English name Gen Fam Koram (specific sense) Inga alba: Leguminosae (Mimosoideae) X X Koram (general sense) Inga spp.: Leguminosae (Mimosoideae) X X Dyakara Inga sp: Leguminosae (Mimosoideae) X X Diparitan Chrysophyllum argenteum: Sapotaceae X X Koobiki Inga ingoides: Leguminosae (Mimosoideae) X X Iziari Manilkara bidentata: Sapotaceae X Pokoridi Attalea regia: Palmae Both ethnoecological and ecological data on other aspects of the ecology of this species are also limited (table 7.24). In all seven cases of comparable observations, they are compatible.
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Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conserv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1. MAP OF
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intro
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subsistence strategies to exemplify
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context is provided by Wapishana cu
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a 'need' for meat even if their phy
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phenomenon and thus arguing that in
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populations of beaver and caribou (
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practice (Sillitoe 1998: 228-9). Th
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1.2.4 Does the nature of ethnoecolo
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presented on cultural ecology. This
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Riviere identifies cognatic descent
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the village and out in the forest.
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CHAPTER 2: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND D
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groups also comprise the majority i
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provides national-level representat
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around 4,000 km 2 and excluding man
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industries have been identified as
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events was the subject of much conc
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Changes in the global economy seem
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significant improvements in the sit
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industry rapidly disappeared. A pro
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Wapishana communities in which he w
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correspond to a remarkably high pro
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Thorbjarnarson 1991; Ojasti 1991; T
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2.6 Conservation interest in Guyana
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outreach in 1995, links between Iwo
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2.6.3 Other Activities Relating to
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enefit of the entire national popul
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forests of the Rupununi River itsel
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anchers narrowly failed in their al
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eleased, but it may well be that Co
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Information collected over the cour
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from the early 19th century unambig
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south as Kujuwini (Riviere 1963: 13
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Dadanawa in 1977, has a Wapishana m
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Wapishana resident in indigenous se
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through this body that the member v
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162). Extensive changes in the over
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Brethren faith, and has constructed
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Many labour emigrants spend several
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freedom and independence of local p
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CHAPTER 4: WAPISHANA CULTURAL ECOLO
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Table 4.1. Percentage of households
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Figure 4.1. Map of Maruranau’s fa
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edge, or in patch of savannah withi
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that of previous studies of Wapisha
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other cassava drinks and those made
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and is effectively a volunteer spec
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When growing in large stands, mango
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Bananas Musa spp. 8 Thyme Lippia mi
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crop. According to the reports of p
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alone. A variety of binas 4 may be
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manicole (Euterpe spp.), or a combi
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areas on higher ground. Parrots and
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egarded as edible were omitted, alo
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Table 4.7 Animal categories reporte
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when the mother has been hunted, an
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and most of these in very small num
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that the take had diminished rapidl
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Oenocarpus 5 were treated as a sing
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egularly visited areas, but as thes
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of the European pig (Schomburgk 192
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individual resident in Aishalton be
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Useful trees were assigned to use c
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Total number of uses 120 100 80 60
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that the proportion of segregates w
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CHAPTER 5: SYMBOLISM 5.1 Syncretism
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clear that many aspects of knowledg
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malevolent purposes associated with
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ivers, especially at rapids or deep
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myself suffered a mysterious and hi
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5.5 Ecological Implications The maj
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of spider monkey meat may, however,
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CHAPTER 6: ETHNOECOLOGY This chapte
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themselves. Such a circumstance aro
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may reflect local phenotypic divers
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format employed allows analysis to
Page 161 and 162: people use this and for what?", "Ho
Page 163 and 164: 6.2.2 Mechanisms of acquisition of
Page 165 and 166: my part. In all cases I looked for
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Page 169 and 170: Opinion was also divided about the
Page 171 and 172: 6.3.5 Red-rumped agouti, ‘rabbit
Page 173 and 174: occupied in the dry season are aban
Page 175 and 176: 6.3.8 ‘Baboon’, red howler monk
Page 177 and 178: dynamics were considered by three i
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Page 183 and 184: evealed information about this impo
Page 185 and 186: this could be conducted by examinin
Page 187 and 188: CHAPTER 7: ETHNOECOLOGY 2 - COMPARI
Page 189 and 190: caatinga (Olmos 1993), and were als
Page 191 and 192: Overall, the dietary data in the pr
Page 193 and 194: Studies from Brazil and Peru report
Page 195 and 196: Table 7.5. List of food plants reco
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Page 199 and 200: 7.6 Orange-rumped agouti Table 7.9.
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Page 203 and 204: 7.8 Black spider monkey Specific fo
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Page 207 and 208: Table 7.16. Comparison of ethnoecol
Page 209 and 210: families Arecaceae (Palmae), Meliac
Page 211: Table 7.20. Comparison of ethnoecol
Page 215 and 216: Table 7.25. Comparison of ethnoecol
Page 217 and 218: the Wapishana biological lexicon. T
Page 219 and 220: as concrete stimuli for responses.
Page 221 and 222: CHAPTER 8: APPLICATIONS OF ETHNOECO
Page 223 and 224: herd, anticipate its movements and
Page 225 and 226: for several consecutive nights unti
Page 227 and 228: The gathering of eggs of turtles an
Page 229 and 230: importance of particular foods, esp
Page 231 and 232: Food plant Score Freq. Fruits eaten
Page 233 and 234: esearch later collaborated on biolo
Page 235 and 236: weaknesses correspond to some of th
Page 237 and 238: Subsistence is also heavily depende
Page 239 and 240: the most interesting questions. Did
Page 241 and 242: 9.3 Does the existing social-ecolog
Page 243 and 244: avoidance by people of particular a
Page 245 and 246: via the exploitation of locally-ava
Page 247 and 248: provide conceptual tools useful in
Page 249 and 250: in such a way as to be complementar
Page 251 and 252: consultation on all matters affecti
Page 253 and 254: 10.2 Research findings and their im
Page 255 and 256: societies with other parties with w
Page 257 and 258: 10.4 Suggestions for further resear
Page 259 and 260: REFERENCES Agrawal, A. 1995. ‘Dis
Page 261 and 262: Barreto, G.R., O.E. Hernandez and J
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Clement, C.R. 1993. 'Native Amazoni
Page 265 and 266:
EPA 1999. 'National Biodiversity Ac
Page 267 and 268:
Government of Guyana 1996. 'Proceed
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Johnson, W.A. 1974. ‘Ethnoecology
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Millner-Gulland, E.J. and R. Mace 1
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Posey, D.A., J. Frechione, J. Eddin
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Salisbury, R.F., M.J. Dummett, T.L.
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Turner, H.E. 1972. ‘The Rupununi
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APPENDICES These appendices list Wa
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Wapishana name Creole name Scientif
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Wapishana Name Creole Name Scientif
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