Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conservation And Development In A ...

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fruits listed for whom identifications are suggested are thus represented in the ecological data by members of the same botanical family, and corresponding reports of congenerics exist for eight. Table 7.3. List of food plants recorded in ethnoecological interviews on Tayassu pecari, and their corroboration in the ecological literature. Wapishana name Latin name Gen Fam Mapuza Oenocarpus bacaba: Palmae X X Koram <strong>In</strong>ga alba: Leguminosae (Mimosoideae) X X Ochoro Oenocarpus bataua: Palmae X X Dyuwuza Mauritia flexuosa: Palmae X X Koto'u Virola surinamensis: Myristicaceae X X Waazu Astrocaryum aculeatum: Palmae X X Zuupu Spondias mombin: Anacardiaceae X X Wabo Euterpe stenophylla: Palmae X X Pokoridi Attalea regia: Palmae X Iziari Manilkara bidentata: Sapotaceae X Poo'a Pouteria sp.: Sapotaceae X Daba Peltogyne porphyrocardia: Leguminosae (Caesalpinioideae) X Otoochi cf. Manilkara: Sapotaceae X Naata Hymenaea courbaril: Leguminosae (Caesalpinioideae) X Kawarori Anacardium giganteum: Anacardiaceae X Minau Bertholletia excelsa: Lecythidaceae X Wamooko Parinari excelsa: Chrysobalanaceae X Tokoro Licania spp.: Chrysobalanaceae X Katowari Bagassa guianensis: Moraceae X Taasho Muellera frutescens: Leguminosae (Papilionoideae) X Kaziman Couma sp.: Apocynaceae X Koron Catostemma fragrans: Bombacaceae X Bakopara Pouteria sericea: Sapotaceae X Bowao Tetragastris sp./spp.: Burseraceae Roomi au Sacloglottis cydonioides: Humiriceae Widu'oko not identified - - Poorau not identified - - Koomaru not identified - -
Studies from Brazil and Peru report roots to be an important component of the diet of white-lipped peccaries (Olmos 1993; Bodmer et al. 1997b: 18). Anecdotal information concerning consumption of crops apparently applies to both species of Tayassu (Sowls 1984: 196). Data on consumption of animal foods included earthworms, but at a lower frequency than insects, molluscs and uniramians, none of which were mentioned in the present study aside from the insect larva yapun. The proportion of reptile flesh was also lower than would be consistent with the ethnoecological data, and fish were not mentioned at all, although over 20 percent of animal foods could not be identified (Bodmer et al. 1997b: 25). Overall, the ethnoecological data on diet concords well with the published data, if the geographical differences are again taken into account. Of twenty-five food species in the ethnoecological data set for which I have botanical glosses, twenty- three are corroborated to family level, and eight to genus or species. The ethnoecological data set does not include several types of animal food reported to be eaten in Peru. How much of this discrepancy is due to ecological differences and how much to methodology is difficult to determine. The greater overlap in identity of plant foods compared with those of collared peccary is the result largely of the inclusion in the ethnoecological data set of several of the relatively small number of food species identified in ecological studies for both species of Tayassu but not mentioned here as being foods for T. tajacu. As table 7.4 indicates, ethnoecological data on other aspects of ecology is also closely consistent with the published data. The only apparent contradiction is a calculation of home range sizes from the only study to have radio-collared white- lipped peccaries (Fragoso 1998), which is somewhat smaller than the reports of collaborators in the present study would suggest. However, there are two key factors that might account for this. Firstly, the duration of Fragoso’s study was one year, and historical accounts recorded in the present study suggests that white-lipped peccary presence at particular sites varies over far longer time-scales. Secondly, Fragoso studied animals in a protected area free from hunting pressure, which is significant in the light of the observation in the present study that hunting may be a key factor in the migration of white-lipped peccary herds. The results of various other studies appear to contradict Fragoso’s, although radio-tracking was not employed in any of these (Kiltie and Terborgh 1983: 248-251; Hernandez et al. 1995; Peres 1996: 120-121). With regards to reproductive behaviour, one study in Peru reported there not to be any seasonal birth peak, but took place in a much less seasonal habitat than that of the present study (Gottdenker and Bodmer 1998).
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Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conserv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1. MAP OF
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intro
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subsistence strategies to exemplify
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context is provided by Wapishana cu
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a 'need' for meat even if their phy
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phenomenon and thus arguing that in
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populations of beaver and caribou (
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practice (Sillitoe 1998: 228-9). Th
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1.2.4 Does the nature of ethnoecolo
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presented on cultural ecology. This
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Riviere identifies cognatic descent
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the village and out in the forest.
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CHAPTER 2: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND D
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groups also comprise the majority i
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provides national-level representat
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around 4,000 km 2 and excluding man
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industries have been identified as
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events was the subject of much conc
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Changes in the global economy seem
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significant improvements in the sit
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industry rapidly disappeared. A pro
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Wapishana communities in which he w
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correspond to a remarkably high pro
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Thorbjarnarson 1991; Ojasti 1991; T
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2.6 Conservation interest in Guyana
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outreach in 1995, links between Iwo
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2.6.3 Other Activities Relating to
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enefit of the entire national popul
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forests of the Rupununi River itsel
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anchers narrowly failed in their al
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eleased, but it may well be that Co
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Information collected over the cour
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from the early 19th century unambig
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south as Kujuwini (Riviere 1963: 13
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Dadanawa in 1977, has a Wapishana m
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Wapishana resident in indigenous se
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through this body that the member v
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162). Extensive changes in the over
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Brethren faith, and has constructed
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Many labour emigrants spend several
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freedom and independence of local p
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CHAPTER 4: WAPISHANA CULTURAL ECOLO
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Table 4.1. Percentage of households
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Figure 4.1. Map of Maruranau’s fa
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edge, or in patch of savannah withi
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that of previous studies of Wapisha
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other cassava drinks and those made
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and is effectively a volunteer spec
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When growing in large stands, mango
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Bananas Musa spp. 8 Thyme Lippia mi
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crop. According to the reports of p
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alone. A variety of binas 4 may be
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manicole (Euterpe spp.), or a combi
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areas on higher ground. Parrots and
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egarded as edible were omitted, alo
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Table 4.7 Animal categories reporte
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when the mother has been hunted, an
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and most of these in very small num
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that the take had diminished rapidl
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Oenocarpus 5 were treated as a sing
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egularly visited areas, but as thes
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of the European pig (Schomburgk 192
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individual resident in Aishalton be
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Useful trees were assigned to use c
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Total number of uses 120 100 80 60
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that the proportion of segregates w
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CHAPTER 5: SYMBOLISM 5.1 Syncretism
Page 141 and 142: clear that many aspects of knowledg
Page 143 and 144: malevolent purposes associated with
Page 145 and 146: ivers, especially at rapids or deep
Page 147 and 148: myself suffered a mysterious and hi
Page 149 and 150: 5.5 Ecological Implications The maj
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Page 153 and 154: CHAPTER 6: ETHNOECOLOGY This chapte
Page 155 and 156: themselves. Such a circumstance aro
Page 157 and 158: may reflect local phenotypic divers
Page 159 and 160: format employed allows analysis to
Page 161 and 162: people use this and for what?", "Ho
Page 163 and 164: 6.2.2 Mechanisms of acquisition of
Page 165 and 166: my part. In all cases I looked for
Page 167 and 168: mobility prevented this. Three of t
Page 169 and 170: Opinion was also divided about the
Page 171 and 172: 6.3.5 Red-rumped agouti, ‘rabbit
Page 173 and 174: occupied in the dry season are aban
Page 175 and 176: 6.3.8 ‘Baboon’, red howler monk
Page 177 and 178: dynamics were considered by three i
Page 179 and 180: there was a seasonal food shortage
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Page 183 and 184: evealed information about this impo
Page 185 and 186: this could be conducted by examinin
Page 187 and 188: CHAPTER 7: ETHNOECOLOGY 2 - COMPARI
Page 189 and 190: caatinga (Olmos 1993), and were als
Page 191: Overall, the dietary data in the pr
Page 195 and 196: Table 7.5. List of food plants reco
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Page 199 and 200: 7.6 Orange-rumped agouti Table 7.9.
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Page 203 and 204: 7.8 Black spider monkey Specific fo
Page 205 and 206: from the current data set almost ce
Page 207 and 208: Table 7.16. Comparison of ethnoecol
Page 209 and 210: families Arecaceae (Palmae), Meliac
Page 213 and 214: Other ethnoecological data is compa
Page 217 and 218: the Wapishana biological lexicon. T
Page 219 and 220: as concrete stimuli for responses.
Page 221 and 222: CHAPTER 8: APPLICATIONS OF ETHNOECO
Page 223 and 224: herd, anticipate its movements and
Page 225 and 226: for several consecutive nights unti
Page 227 and 228: The gathering of eggs of turtles an
Page 229 and 230: importance of particular foods, esp
Page 231 and 232: Food plant Score Freq. Fruits eaten
Page 233 and 234: esearch later collaborated on biolo
Page 235 and 236: weaknesses correspond to some of th
Page 237 and 238: Subsistence is also heavily depende
Page 239 and 240: the most interesting questions. Did
Page 241 and 242: 9.3 Does the existing social-ecolog
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avoidance by people of particular a
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via the exploitation of locally-ava
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provide conceptual tools useful in
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in such a way as to be complementar
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consultation on all matters affecti
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10.2 Research findings and their im
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societies with other parties with w
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10.4 Suggestions for further resear
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REFERENCES Agrawal, A. 1995. ‘Dis
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Barreto, G.R., O.E. Hernandez and J
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Clement, C.R. 1993. 'Native Amazoni
Page 265 and 266:
EPA 1999. 'National Biodiversity Ac
Page 267 and 268:
Government of Guyana 1996. 'Proceed
Page 269 and 270:
Johnson, W.A. 1974. ‘Ethnoecology
Page 271 and 272:
Millner-Gulland, E.J. and R. Mace 1
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Posey, D.A., J. Frechione, J. Eddin
Page 275 and 276:
Salisbury, R.F., M.J. Dummett, T.L.
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Turner, H.E. 1972. ‘The Rupununi
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APPENDICES These appendices list Wa
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Wapishana name Creole name Scientif
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Wapishana Name Creole Name Scientif
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