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Sponsel, L.E. 1986. 'Amazon ecology and adaptation'. Annual Review of Anthropology 15: 67-97. Sponsel, L.E. 1995a. ‘Relationships among the world system, indigenous peoples, and ecological anthropology in the endangered Amazon’. Ch. 13 (pp. 263-293) in Sponsel (ed.). Sponsel, L.E. (ed.) 1995b. ‘Indigenous peoples and the future of Amazonia’. University of Arizona Press, Tucson and London. Steinmetz, R. 2000. ‘Ecological surveys, monitoring and the involvement of local people in protected areas of Lao P.D.R.’. Evaluating Eden series discussion paper no. 13. IIED. Steward, J. (ed.) 1950. ‘Handbook of South American Indians volume 6: physical anthropology, linguistics and cultural geography of South American Indians’. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. Steward, J.C. and R.F. Murphy (eds.) 1977. 'Evolution and ecology. Essays on social transformation by Julian H. Steward'. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. Stirrat R.L. 1998. Reply to Sillitoe. Current Anthropology 39(2): 242-3. Taber, A.B., C.P. Doncaster, N.N. Neris and F. Colman 1994. ‘Ranging behaviour and activity patterns of two sympatric peccaries, Catagonus and Tayassu tajacu, in the Paraguayan Chaco’. Mammalia 58(1): 61-71. Tang, G.T. 1995. 'Towards a regional plan for the Rupununi district, Region 9 of Guyana'. Ph.D. dissertation, Walden University. Taylor, P.M. 1990. ‘The folk biology of the Tobelo people - a study in folk classification’. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC. Terborgh, J. 1986. ‘Keystone plant resources in the tropical forest’. Ch. 15 (pp. 330- 344) in Soulé (ed.). Terwilliger, V.J. 1978. ‘Natural history of Baird’s tapir on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal zone’. Biotropica 10(3): 211-220. Tewes, M.E. and D.J. Schmidly 1987. ‘The neotropical felids: jaguar, ocelot, margay and jaguarundi’. Ch. 52 (pp. 696-711) in Novak (ed.). Thomas, Clive 1993. 'Lessons from experience: structural adjustment and poverty in Guyana'. Social and Economic Studies 42(4), 133-184. Thompson, A. 1987. ‘Colonialism and underdevelopment in Guyana 1580-1803’. Caribbean research and Publications limited, Bridgetown. Thomsen, J.B. and A. Brautigam 1991. ‘Sustainable use of neotropical parrots’. Ch. 24 (pp. 359-379) in Robinson and Redford (eds.). Thomsen, J.B. and T.A. Mulliken 1992. 'Trade in Neotropical psittacines and its conservation implications'. Pp. 221-239 in Beissinger and Snyder (eds.). Thomsen, J.B., S.R. Edwards and T.A. Mulliken (eds.) 1992. 'Dimensions, conservation and management of wild birds in trade'. TRAFFIC International. Thorbjarnarson, J.B. 1991. ‘An analysis of the spectacled caiman harvest program in Venezuela’. Ch. 16 (pp. 217-235) in Robinson and Redford (eds.). Townsend, W. 1995. ‘Cultural teachings as an ecological data base: Murui (Witoto) knowledge about primates.’ Latinamericanist 31(1): 1-7. Trexler, Mark C. 1990. 'The convention on international trade in endangered species - political or conservation success'. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Harvard.
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Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conserv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1. MAP OF
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intro
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subsistence strategies to exemplify
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context is provided by Wapishana cu
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a 'need' for meat even if their phy
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phenomenon and thus arguing that in
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populations of beaver and caribou (
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practice (Sillitoe 1998: 228-9). Th
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1.2.4 Does the nature of ethnoecolo
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presented on cultural ecology. This
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Riviere identifies cognatic descent
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the village and out in the forest.
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CHAPTER 2: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND D
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groups also comprise the majority i
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provides national-level representat
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around 4,000 km 2 and excluding man
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industries have been identified as
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events was the subject of much conc
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Changes in the global economy seem
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significant improvements in the sit
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industry rapidly disappeared. A pro
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Wapishana communities in which he w
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correspond to a remarkably high pro
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Thorbjarnarson 1991; Ojasti 1991; T
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2.6 Conservation interest in Guyana
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outreach in 1995, links between Iwo
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2.6.3 Other Activities Relating to
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enefit of the entire national popul
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forests of the Rupununi River itsel
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anchers narrowly failed in their al
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eleased, but it may well be that Co
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Information collected over the cour
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from the early 19th century unambig
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south as Kujuwini (Riviere 1963: 13
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Dadanawa in 1977, has a Wapishana m
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Wapishana resident in indigenous se
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through this body that the member v
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162). Extensive changes in the over
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Brethren faith, and has constructed
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Many labour emigrants spend several
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freedom and independence of local p
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CHAPTER 4: WAPISHANA CULTURAL ECOLO
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Table 4.1. Percentage of households
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Figure 4.1. Map of Maruranau’s fa
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edge, or in patch of savannah withi
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that of previous studies of Wapisha
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other cassava drinks and those made
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and is effectively a volunteer spec
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When growing in large stands, mango
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Bananas Musa spp. 8 Thyme Lippia mi
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crop. According to the reports of p
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alone. A variety of binas 4 may be
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manicole (Euterpe spp.), or a combi
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areas on higher ground. Parrots and
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egarded as edible were omitted, alo
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Table 4.7 Animal categories reporte
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when the mother has been hunted, an
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and most of these in very small num
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that the take had diminished rapidl
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Oenocarpus 5 were treated as a sing
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egularly visited areas, but as thes
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of the European pig (Schomburgk 192
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individual resident in Aishalton be
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Useful trees were assigned to use c
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Total number of uses 120 100 80 60
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that the proportion of segregates w
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CHAPTER 5: SYMBOLISM 5.1 Syncretism
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clear that many aspects of knowledg
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malevolent purposes associated with
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ivers, especially at rapids or deep
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myself suffered a mysterious and hi
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5.5 Ecological Implications The maj
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of spider monkey meat may, however,
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CHAPTER 6: ETHNOECOLOGY This chapte
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themselves. Such a circumstance aro
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may reflect local phenotypic divers
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format employed allows analysis to
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people use this and for what?", "Ho
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6.2.2 Mechanisms of acquisition of
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my part. In all cases I looked for
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mobility prevented this. Three of t
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Opinion was also divided about the
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6.3.5 Red-rumped agouti, ‘rabbit
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occupied in the dry season are aban
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6.3.8 ‘Baboon’, red howler monk
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dynamics were considered by three i
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there was a seasonal food shortage
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din (an unidentified felid, probabl
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evealed information about this impo
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this could be conducted by examinin
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CHAPTER 7: ETHNOECOLOGY 2 - COMPARI
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caatinga (Olmos 1993), and were als
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Overall, the dietary data in the pr
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Studies from Brazil and Peru report
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Table 7.5. List of food plants reco
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cassava (Manihot esculenta), black-
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7.6 Orange-rumped agouti Table 7.9.
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availability is at its seasonal low
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7.8 Black spider monkey Specific fo
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from the current data set almost ce
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Table 7.16. Comparison of ethnoecol
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families Arecaceae (Palmae), Meliac
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Other ethnoecological data is compa
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the Wapishana biological lexicon. T
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as concrete stimuli for responses.
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CHAPTER 8: APPLICATIONS OF ETHNOECO
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herd, anticipate its movements and
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Page 227 and 228: The gathering of eggs of turtles an
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Page 231 and 232: Food plant Score Freq. Fruits eaten
Page 233 and 234: esearch later collaborated on biolo
Page 235 and 236: weaknesses correspond to some of th
Page 237 and 238: Subsistence is also heavily depende
Page 239 and 240: the most interesting questions. Did
Page 241 and 242: 9.3 Does the existing social-ecolog
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Page 249 and 250: in such a way as to be complementar
Page 251 and 252: consultation on all matters affecti
Page 253 and 254: 10.2 Research findings and their im
Page 255 and 256: societies with other parties with w
Page 257 and 258: 10.4 Suggestions for further resear
Page 259 and 260: REFERENCES Agrawal, A. 1995. ‘Dis
Page 261 and 262: Barreto, G.R., O.E. Hernandez and J
Page 263 and 264: Clement, C.R. 1993. 'Native Amazoni
Page 265 and 266: EPA 1999. 'National Biodiversity Ac
Page 267 and 268: Government of Guyana 1996. 'Proceed
Page 269 and 270: Johnson, W.A. 1974. ‘Ethnoecology
Page 271 and 272: Millner-Gulland, E.J. and R. Mace 1
Page 273 and 274: Posey, D.A., J. Frechione, J. Eddin
Page 275: Salisbury, R.F., M.J. Dummett, T.L.
Page 279 and 280: APPENDICES These appendices list Wa
Page 281 and 282: Wapishana name Creole name Scientif
Page 289 and 290: Wapishana Name Creole Name Scientif
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