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Bodmer, R.E. and P.E. Puertas 2000. ‘Community-based comanagement of wildlife in the Peruvian Amazon’. Ch. 20 (pp. 395-409) in Robinson and Bennett (eds.). Branan, W.V., M.C.M. Werkhoven and R.L. Marchinton 1985. ‘Food habits of white-tailed deer and red brocket deer in Suriname’. Journal of Wildlife Management 49: 972-976. Brett, William H. 1868. 'The Indian tribes of Guiana: their conditions and habits'. Bell and Daldy, London. Bridges, J. 1985. 'Rupununi Mission. The story of Cuthbert Cary-Elwes SJ among the Indians of Guiana 1909-1923'. Jesuit Missions, London. Brock, S.E. 1972. 'Jungle Cowboy'. Hale, London. Brookfield, H. and C. Padoch 1994. ‘Appreciating agrodiversity’. Environment 36(5): 6- 11, 37-45. Brooks, D.M., R.E. Bodmer and S. Matola 1997. ‘Tapirs - status survey and action plan’. IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Brosius, J.P. 1997. ‘Endangered forest, endangered people: environmentalist representations of indigenous knowledge’. Human Ecology 25(1): 47-69. Buchanan, D.B., M.G.M. van Roosmalen, and R.A. Mittermeier 1981. ‘The saki monkeys, genus Pithecia’. Ch. 9 (pp. 391-417) in Coimbra-Filho and Mittermeier (eds.). Butt, A.J. 1956. ‘Ritual blowing — Taling — as causation and cure of illness among the Akawaio’. Timehri 35: 37-51. Butt, A.J. 1959. ‘The birth of a religion’. Part one. Timehri 38: 37-48. Butt, A.J. 1960. ‘The birth of a religion’. Part two. Timehri 39: 23-35. Butt Colson, A.J. 1984. 'Conclusion'. Antropologica 62: 359-383. Butt Colson, A.J. 1998. ‘Fr. Cary-Elwes S.J. and the Alleluia Indians’. Amerindian Research Unit, University of Guyana, Georgetown. Butt Colson, A. and J. Morton 1982. ‘Early missionary work among the Taruma and Waiwai of Southern Guiana: the visits of Fr. Cuthbert Cary-Elwes, S.J. in 1919, 1922 and 1923’. Folk 24: 203-261. Canarc Resource Corporation 1997. 'Canarc Options Kwitaro Property in Guyana to Cyprus Amax; Large Rich Gold Anomaly to be Explored and Drilled'. News release transmitted by Canadian Corporate News, 15th. October 1997. Available on internet at . Carneiro, R.L. 1982. Comment on Johnson. Current Anthropology 23(4) : 418-9. Chandarpal, N. 1997. ‘Sustainable development and exploratory forest leases in Guyana’. Statement from Presidential Adviser on Science, Technology and Environment, Office of the President, Georgetown. Available from World-wide web: at . Chenapou Village Council, 1999. 'Expansion of Kaiteur National Park is a National Disgrace'. APA press release, May 10, 1999. Available on internet at . Chernela, J.M. 1998. ‘Missionary activity and Indian labour in the Upper Rio Negro of Brazil, 1680-1980: a historical-ecological approach’. Ch. 14 (pp. 313-333) in Balée (ed.). Clay, J.W. 1988. ‘Indigenous Peoples and Tropical Forests’. Cultural Survival, Cambridge, MA. Clay, J.W. 1997. ‘Brazil nuts: the use of a keystone species for conservation and development.’ Pp. 246-282 in Freese (ed.). Cleary, David 1990. 'Anatomy of the Amazon gold rush'. MacMillan Press Ltd., London.
Clement, C.R. 1993. 'Native Amazonian fruits and nuts: composition, production and potential use for sustainable development'. Ch. 11 (pp. 139-152) in Hladik et al. (eds.). Coimbra-Filho, A.F. and R.A. Mittermeier 1981. ‘Ecology and behaviour of Neotropical primates’. Volume 1. Academia Brasiliera de Ciências, Rio de Janiero. Colchester, M. 1991. ‘Sacking Guyana’. Multinational Monitor Sept. 1991, 8-14. Colchester, M. 1994. 'The New Sultans'. The Ecologist 24(2): 45-52. Colchester, M. 1997. 'Guyana - Fragile frontier. Loggers, miners and forest peoples'. Latin American Bureau, London. Colchester, M. 1998. 'Underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation in Guyana'. Forest Peoples Programme. Downloaded from internet at . Commonwealth Advisory Group 1989. 'Guyana: economic recovery programme and beyond'. Report of the Commonwealth Advisory Group. Conklin, B. and L.A. Graham 1995. ‘The shifting middle ground: Amazonian Indians and ecopolitics’. American Anthropologist 97(4): 695-701. Conklin, H.C. 1954. ‘The relation of Hanunoo culture to the plant world’. Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, New Haven. Conklin, H.C. 1957. ‘An ethnoecological approach to shifting agriculture’. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 17: 133-142. Conservation International 1997. ‘Report on Guyana Workshop’. Available on internet at . Corry, S. 1993. 'Harvest moonshine taking you for a ride. A critique of the 'rainforest harvest' - its theory and practice'. Survival International , London. Cotton, C. 1999. 'Buying destruction'. Greenpeace International, Netherlands. Crockett, C.M. and J.F. Eisenberg 1987. ‘Howlers: variation in group size and demography’. Ch. 6 (pp. 54-68) in Smuts et al. (eds.). Crumley, C. (ed.) 1993. 'Historical Ecology. Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes' School of American Research Press. Cunningham, S.C., C.R. Gustavson and W.R. Ballard 1999. ‘Diet selection of mountain lions in southeastern Arizona’. Journal of Range Management 52: 202-207. Dagon, J. 1967a. ‘Cultivated food plants of the Rupununi’. McGill University Savannah Research Project, Savannah Research Series no. 7. Dagon, R. 1967b. 'Current agricultural practices among the Waiwai'. McGill University Savannah Research Project, Savannah Research Series no. 8. Daniel, J.R.K. 1985. 'An assessment of the environmental impact on the effective utilisation of land resources in the Rupununi Savannah'. Paper presented for the Department of Geography, University of Guyana, Conference on Resources and Development, Georgetown, Guyana, 5th-6th March 1985. De Freitas, N. 1998. ‘Corporate approach to protection of the environment’. Unpublished manuscript, Georgetown. Descola, P. 1994. 'In the society of nature. A native ecology in Amazonia'. English translation by N. Scott. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Deutsch, L.A. 1983. ‘An encounter between bush dog (Speothos venaticus) and paca (Agouti paca)’. Journal of Mammalogy 64(3): 532-533. DeWalt, B.R. 1994. ‘Using indigenous knowledge to improve agriculture and natural resource management’. Human Organization 53(2): 123-131.
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Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conserv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1. MAP OF
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intro
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subsistence strategies to exemplify
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context is provided by Wapishana cu
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a 'need' for meat even if their phy
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phenomenon and thus arguing that in
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populations of beaver and caribou (
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practice (Sillitoe 1998: 228-9). Th
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1.2.4 Does the nature of ethnoecolo
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presented on cultural ecology. This
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Riviere identifies cognatic descent
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the village and out in the forest.
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CHAPTER 2: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND D
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groups also comprise the majority i
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provides national-level representat
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around 4,000 km 2 and excluding man
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industries have been identified as
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events was the subject of much conc
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Changes in the global economy seem
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significant improvements in the sit
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industry rapidly disappeared. A pro
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Wapishana communities in which he w
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correspond to a remarkably high pro
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Thorbjarnarson 1991; Ojasti 1991; T
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2.6 Conservation interest in Guyana
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outreach in 1995, links between Iwo
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2.6.3 Other Activities Relating to
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enefit of the entire national popul
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forests of the Rupununi River itsel
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anchers narrowly failed in their al
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eleased, but it may well be that Co
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Information collected over the cour
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from the early 19th century unambig
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south as Kujuwini (Riviere 1963: 13
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Dadanawa in 1977, has a Wapishana m
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Wapishana resident in indigenous se
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through this body that the member v
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162). Extensive changes in the over
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Brethren faith, and has constructed
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Many labour emigrants spend several
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freedom and independence of local p
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CHAPTER 4: WAPISHANA CULTURAL ECOLO
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Table 4.1. Percentage of households
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Figure 4.1. Map of Maruranau’s fa
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edge, or in patch of savannah withi
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that of previous studies of Wapisha
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other cassava drinks and those made
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and is effectively a volunteer spec
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When growing in large stands, mango
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Bananas Musa spp. 8 Thyme Lippia mi
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crop. According to the reports of p
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alone. A variety of binas 4 may be
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manicole (Euterpe spp.), or a combi
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areas on higher ground. Parrots and
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egarded as edible were omitted, alo
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Table 4.7 Animal categories reporte
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when the mother has been hunted, an
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and most of these in very small num
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that the take had diminished rapidl
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Oenocarpus 5 were treated as a sing
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egularly visited areas, but as thes
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of the European pig (Schomburgk 192
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individual resident in Aishalton be
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Useful trees were assigned to use c
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Total number of uses 120 100 80 60
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that the proportion of segregates w
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CHAPTER 5: SYMBOLISM 5.1 Syncretism
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clear that many aspects of knowledg
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malevolent purposes associated with
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ivers, especially at rapids or deep
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myself suffered a mysterious and hi
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5.5 Ecological Implications The maj
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of spider monkey meat may, however,
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CHAPTER 6: ETHNOECOLOGY This chapte
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themselves. Such a circumstance aro
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may reflect local phenotypic divers
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format employed allows analysis to
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people use this and for what?", "Ho
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6.2.2 Mechanisms of acquisition of
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my part. In all cases I looked for
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mobility prevented this. Three of t
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Opinion was also divided about the
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6.3.5 Red-rumped agouti, ‘rabbit
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occupied in the dry season are aban
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6.3.8 ‘Baboon’, red howler monk
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dynamics were considered by three i
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there was a seasonal food shortage
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din (an unidentified felid, probabl
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evealed information about this impo
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this could be conducted by examinin
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CHAPTER 7: ETHNOECOLOGY 2 - COMPARI
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caatinga (Olmos 1993), and were als
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Overall, the dietary data in the pr
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Studies from Brazil and Peru report
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Table 7.5. List of food plants reco
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cassava (Manihot esculenta), black-
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7.6 Orange-rumped agouti Table 7.9.
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availability is at its seasonal low
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7.8 Black spider monkey Specific fo
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from the current data set almost ce
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Table 7.16. Comparison of ethnoecol
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families Arecaceae (Palmae), Meliac
Page 211 and 212: Table 7.20. Comparison of ethnoecol
Page 213 and 214: Other ethnoecological data is compa
Page 215 and 216: Table 7.25. Comparison of ethnoecol
Page 217 and 218: the Wapishana biological lexicon. T
Page 219 and 220: as concrete stimuli for responses.
Page 221 and 222: CHAPTER 8: APPLICATIONS OF ETHNOECO
Page 223 and 224: herd, anticipate its movements and
Page 225 and 226: for several consecutive nights unti
Page 227 and 228: The gathering of eggs of turtles an
Page 229 and 230: importance of particular foods, esp
Page 231 and 232: Food plant Score Freq. Fruits eaten
Page 233 and 234: esearch later collaborated on biolo
Page 235 and 236: weaknesses correspond to some of th
Page 237 and 238: Subsistence is also heavily depende
Page 239 and 240: the most interesting questions. Did
Page 241 and 242: 9.3 Does the existing social-ecolog
Page 243 and 244: avoidance by people of particular a
Page 245 and 246: via the exploitation of locally-ava
Page 247 and 248: provide conceptual tools useful in
Page 249 and 250: in such a way as to be complementar
Page 251 and 252: consultation on all matters affecti
Page 253 and 254: 10.2 Research findings and their im
Page 255 and 256: societies with other parties with w
Page 257 and 258: 10.4 Suggestions for further resear
Page 259 and 260: REFERENCES Agrawal, A. 1995. ‘Dis
Page 261: Barreto, G.R., O.E. Hernandez and J
Page 265 and 266: EPA 1999. 'National Biodiversity Ac
Page 267 and 268: Government of Guyana 1996. 'Proceed
Page 269 and 270: Johnson, W.A. 1974. ‘Ethnoecology
Page 271 and 272: Millner-Gulland, E.J. and R. Mace 1
Page 273 and 274: Posey, D.A., J. Frechione, J. Eddin
Page 275 and 276: Salisbury, R.F., M.J. Dummett, T.L.
Page 277 and 278: Turner, H.E. 1972. ‘The Rupununi
Page 279 and 280: APPENDICES These appendices list Wa
Page 281 and 282: Wapishana name Creole name Scientif
Page 289 and 290: Wapishana Name Creole Name Scientif
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