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Riviere, P. 1963. ‘An ethnographic survey of the Indians on the divide of the Guianese and Amazonian river systems’. B. Litt. thesis, University of Oxford. Riviere, P. 1966. ‘Some ethnographic problems of Southern Guyana’. Folk 8/9: 301-312. Riviere, P. 1984. 'Individual and society in Guiana - a comparative study of Amerindian social organisation'. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Riviere, P. 1987. ‘Of women, men and manioc’. Ethnologisha Studies 38: 178-201. Riviere, P. 1995. ‘Absent-minded imperialism’. Tauris, London. RLPA, n.d. 'Adding value to Rupununi livestock production'. Unpublished pre-project proposal by Rupununi Livestock Producers Association. Robinson, J.G. and J.F. Eisenberg 1985. ‘Group size and foraging habits of the collared peccary ,Tayassu tajacu’. Journal of Mammalogy 66(1): 153-155. Robinson, J.G. and E.L. Bennett (eds.) 2000. ‘Hunting for sustainability in tropical forests’. Columbia University Press, New York. Rodrigues, M. F. Olmos and M. Galetti 1993. ‘Seed dispersal by tapir in southeastern Brazil’. Mammalia 57(3): 460-461. Roopnaraine, T.R.R. 1995. ‘Shou t on the border: minerals, social tension and the frontier’. Archaeology and Anthropology 10: 36-42. Roopnaraine, T.R.R. 1996. ‘Freighted fortunes: gold and diamond minin g in the Pakaraima Mountains, Guyana’. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge. Roosmalen, M.G.M. van 1985a. ‘Fruits of the Guiana flora’. Institute of systematic botany, University of Utrecht, Utrecht. Roosmalen, M.G.M. van 1985b. ‘Habitat preferences, diet, feeding strategy and social organisation of the black spider monkey (Ateles paniscus paniscus Linnaeus 1758) in Surinam’. Acta Amazonica vol. 15 número 3/4 (suplemento). Roosmalen, M.G.M. van, R.A. Mittermeier and K. Milton 1981. ‘The bearded sakis, genus Chiropotes’. Ch. 10 (pp. 419-441) in Coimbra-Filho and Mittermeier (eds.). Roosmalen, M.G.M. van and L.L. Klein 1988. ‘The spider monkeys, genus Ateles’. Ch. 7 (pp. 455-537) in Mittermeier et al. (eds.). Ross, E.B. 1978. ‘Food taboos, diet and hunting strategy: the adaptation to animals in Amazon cultural ecology’. Current Anthropology 19(1): 1-36. Roth, H.D. 1950. ‘The kanaima’. Timehri 29: 25-26. Roth, W.E. 1924. ‘An introductory study of the arts, crafts, and customs of the Guiana Indians’. Pp. 23-745 in Bureau of American Ethnology thirty-eighth annual report. U.S. Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington D.C. Roth, W.E. 1929. 'Additional studies of the arts, crafts and customs of the Guiana Indians, with special reference to those of southern British Guiana'. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, bulletin 91. Government printing office, Washington DC. Rutherford, G.K. 1956. 'Soil and land use patterns in the Rupununi Savannahs of British Guiana', Timehri 135 (Oct. 1956): 53-61. Salas, L.A. 1996. ‘Habitat use by lowland tapirs (Tapirus terrestris L.) in the Tabaro River valley, southern Venezuela’. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 1452-1458. Salas, L.A. and T.K. Fuller 1996. ‘Diet of the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) in the Tabaro river valley, southern Venezuela’. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 1444-1451. Salisbury, R.F. 1968. 'Ethnographic notes on Wapishana Agriculture'. Pp. 7-20 in Salisbury et al.
Salisbury, R.F., M.J. Dummett, T.L. Hills and D. Cook 1968. 'Ethnographic notes on Amerindian agriculture'. McGill University Savannah Research Series, no. 9. Schauensee, R.M. de and W.H. Phelps 1978. ‘A guide to the birds of Venezuela’. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Scherl, L. 1998. 'Stakeholder involvement and mechanisms for participation in Iwokrama'. Report submitted to Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development. Schomburgk, M.R. 1923. ‘Travels in British Guiana 1840-1844’. Volume 2. Translated by W.E. Roth. Georgetown. Schomburgk, R.H. 1931. ‘Robert Hermann Schomburgk's Travels in Guiana and on the Orinoco during the years 1835-1839 : according to his reports and communications to the Geographical Society of London’. Edited by O. A. Schomburgk ; with a preface by Alexander von Humboldt ; together with his Essay on some important astronomical positions in Guiana ; translated by Walter E. Roth. The Argosy Co., Georgetown. Schweinsburg, R.E. 1971. ‘Home range, movements and herd integrity of the collared peccary’. Journal of Wildlife Management 35(3): 455-460. Shackley, M. 1998. 'Designating a Protected Area at Karanambau Ranch, Rupununi Savannah, Guyana'. Ambio 27(3): 207-210. Sherman, P.T. 1991. ‘Harpy eagle predation on a red howler monkey’. Folia Primatologica 56(1): 53-56. Sillitoe, P. 1998. ‘The development of indigenous knowledge’. Current Anthropology 19(2): 223-235. Simmen, B. and D. Sabatier 1996. ‘Diets of some French Guianan primates: food composition and food choices’. International Journal of Primatology 17(5): 661-693. Singh, J. 1997. 'The utilization of non-traditional timber species to promote sustainable development of Guyana's forests'. Pp. 49-55 in Williams and Rose (eds.). Singh, S. 2000. 'Indigenous community bans TNC researchers'. Article originally published in South-North Development Monitor, accessed on internet at . Sizer, N. 1996: Profit Without Plunder: Reaping Revenue from Guyana's Tropical Forests Without Destroying Them. World Resources Institute, Washington DC. Full text on internet at . Smith, E. 1983. ‘Anthropological applications of optimal foraging theory: a critical review’. Current Anthropology 24: 625-651. Smith, T.B., R.K. Wayne, D.J. Girman and M.W. Bruford 1997. ‘A role for ecotones in generating rainforest biodiversity’. Science 276: 1855-1857. Smuts, B.B., D.L. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, and T.T. Struhsaker (eds.) 1987. ‘Primate Societies’. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Smythe, N. 1991. ‘Steps towards domesticating the paca and prospects for the future’. Ch. 15 (pp. 202-216) in Robinson and Redford (eds.). Soulé, M.E. 1986. ‘Conservation biology: the science of scarcity and diversity’. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts. Souza-Mazurek, R.R. de, T. Pedrinho, X. Feliciano, W. Hilário, S. Gerôncio and E. Marcelo 2000. ‘Subsistence hunting among the Waimiri Atroari Indians in central Amazonia, Brazil’. Biodiversity and Conservation 9: 579-596. Sowls, L.K. 1984. ‘The peccaries’. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona.
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Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conserv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1. MAP OF
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intro
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subsistence strategies to exemplify
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context is provided by Wapishana cu
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a 'need' for meat even if their phy
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phenomenon and thus arguing that in
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populations of beaver and caribou (
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practice (Sillitoe 1998: 228-9). Th
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1.2.4 Does the nature of ethnoecolo
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presented on cultural ecology. This
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Riviere identifies cognatic descent
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the village and out in the forest.
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CHAPTER 2: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND D
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groups also comprise the majority i
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provides national-level representat
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around 4,000 km 2 and excluding man
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industries have been identified as
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events was the subject of much conc
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Changes in the global economy seem
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significant improvements in the sit
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industry rapidly disappeared. A pro
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Wapishana communities in which he w
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correspond to a remarkably high pro
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Thorbjarnarson 1991; Ojasti 1991; T
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2.6 Conservation interest in Guyana
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outreach in 1995, links between Iwo
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2.6.3 Other Activities Relating to
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enefit of the entire national popul
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forests of the Rupununi River itsel
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anchers narrowly failed in their al
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eleased, but it may well be that Co
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Information collected over the cour
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from the early 19th century unambig
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south as Kujuwini (Riviere 1963: 13
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Dadanawa in 1977, has a Wapishana m
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Wapishana resident in indigenous se
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through this body that the member v
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162). Extensive changes in the over
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Brethren faith, and has constructed
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Many labour emigrants spend several
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freedom and independence of local p
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CHAPTER 4: WAPISHANA CULTURAL ECOLO
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Table 4.1. Percentage of households
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Figure 4.1. Map of Maruranau’s fa
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edge, or in patch of savannah withi
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that of previous studies of Wapisha
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other cassava drinks and those made
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and is effectively a volunteer spec
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When growing in large stands, mango
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Bananas Musa spp. 8 Thyme Lippia mi
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crop. According to the reports of p
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alone. A variety of binas 4 may be
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manicole (Euterpe spp.), or a combi
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areas on higher ground. Parrots and
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egarded as edible were omitted, alo
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Table 4.7 Animal categories reporte
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when the mother has been hunted, an
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and most of these in very small num
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that the take had diminished rapidl
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Oenocarpus 5 were treated as a sing
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egularly visited areas, but as thes
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of the European pig (Schomburgk 192
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individual resident in Aishalton be
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Useful trees were assigned to use c
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Total number of uses 120 100 80 60
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that the proportion of segregates w
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CHAPTER 5: SYMBOLISM 5.1 Syncretism
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clear that many aspects of knowledg
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malevolent purposes associated with
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ivers, especially at rapids or deep
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myself suffered a mysterious and hi
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5.5 Ecological Implications The maj
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of spider monkey meat may, however,
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CHAPTER 6: ETHNOECOLOGY This chapte
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themselves. Such a circumstance aro
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may reflect local phenotypic divers
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format employed allows analysis to
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people use this and for what?", "Ho
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6.2.2 Mechanisms of acquisition of
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my part. In all cases I looked for
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mobility prevented this. Three of t
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Opinion was also divided about the
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6.3.5 Red-rumped agouti, ‘rabbit
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occupied in the dry season are aban
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6.3.8 ‘Baboon’, red howler monk
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dynamics were considered by three i
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there was a seasonal food shortage
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din (an unidentified felid, probabl
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evealed information about this impo
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this could be conducted by examinin
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CHAPTER 7: ETHNOECOLOGY 2 - COMPARI
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caatinga (Olmos 1993), and were als
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Overall, the dietary data in the pr
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Studies from Brazil and Peru report
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Table 7.5. List of food plants reco
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cassava (Manihot esculenta), black-
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7.6 Orange-rumped agouti Table 7.9.
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availability is at its seasonal low
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7.8 Black spider monkey Specific fo
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from the current data set almost ce
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Table 7.16. Comparison of ethnoecol
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families Arecaceae (Palmae), Meliac
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Other ethnoecological data is compa
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the Wapishana biological lexicon. T
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as concrete stimuli for responses.
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CHAPTER 8: APPLICATIONS OF ETHNOECO
Page 223 and 224: herd, anticipate its movements and
Page 225 and 226: for several consecutive nights unti
Page 227 and 228: The gathering of eggs of turtles an
Page 229 and 230: importance of particular foods, esp
Page 231 and 232: Food plant Score Freq. Fruits eaten
Page 233 and 234: esearch later collaborated on biolo
Page 235 and 236: weaknesses correspond to some of th
Page 237 and 238: Subsistence is also heavily depende
Page 239 and 240: the most interesting questions. Did
Page 241 and 242: 9.3 Does the existing social-ecolog
Page 243 and 244: avoidance by people of particular a
Page 245 and 246: via the exploitation of locally-ava
Page 247 and 248: provide conceptual tools useful in
Page 249 and 250: in such a way as to be complementar
Page 251 and 252: consultation on all matters affecti
Page 253 and 254: 10.2 Research findings and their im
Page 255 and 256: societies with other parties with w
Page 257 and 258: 10.4 Suggestions for further resear
Page 259 and 260: REFERENCES Agrawal, A. 1995. ‘Dis
Page 261 and 262: Barreto, G.R., O.E. Hernandez and J
Page 263 and 264: Clement, C.R. 1993. 'Native Amazoni
Page 265 and 266: EPA 1999. 'National Biodiversity Ac
Page 267 and 268: Government of Guyana 1996. 'Proceed
Page 269 and 270: Johnson, W.A. 1974. ‘Ethnoecology
Page 271 and 272: Millner-Gulland, E.J. and R. Mace 1
Page 273: Posey, D.A., J. Frechione, J. Eddin
Page 277 and 278: Turner, H.E. 1972. ‘The Rupununi
Page 279 and 280: APPENDICES These appendices list Wa
Page 281 and 282: Wapishana name Creole name Scientif
Page 289 and 290: Wapishana Name Creole Name Scientif
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