Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conservation And Development In A ...

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8.2 Ethnoecological insights into the ecological consequences of human resource use This chapter explores possible uses of ethnoecological data, which is here integrated with data on cultural ecology, in order to generate hypotheses concerning the ecological consequences of human activities. The ethnoecological data set used is a list of species of plants consumed by a set of animal species of particular importance. This is combined with data on the human ecological relationships with the plant species concerned, in order to determine predict how anthropic factors affect the availability of food for these animals. A list of food plants was derived from ethnoecological interviews on six species of animals: the major game animals Tayassu tajacu, T. pecari, Agouti paca, Dasyprocta agouti and Mazama americana, and the ecologically important Tapirus terrestris. All the food plants attaining more than one mention in ethnoecological interviews on at least one of these species were listed, a total of 55 species. To each of these was assigned a score, based on frequency of occurrence in ethnoecological interviews. For each of the six animal species, the proportion of interviewees to mention that food item was calculated. For each food item, these figures were summed across all six animal species. The sums represent an index of overall dietary importance of these food species for the six animal species concerned, at least according to ethnoecological interviews. The accuracy of the figures thus calculated for the importance of food plants in the diets of the animals concerned can not be determined in the absence of detailed local ecological data. The demonstrated accuracy of ethnoecological data suggests they are of some value, in that high scores are likely to reliably indicate high levels of consumption. On the other hand, the limitations of the ethnoecological data set already observed must also affect this data (chapter 7.14.1). The list does not include all the food items for the animals concerned, and it may be that even food items of considerable importance are omitted. It seems likely that the list would be biased in favour of those food plants which are also of importance in human subsistence, as these are generally more familiar, often more frequently visited and presumably given closer attention to than those with no known uses. Given the focus of this particular exercise on the overlap between human and animal interactions with plants, it is unlikely that its aims will be dramatically undermined by any such bias. However, it is possible that the extent of overlap of human and animal use of plants is overstated in this analysis. A further weakness is that the methods used take no account of seasonality, which may be a key factor contributing to the dietary
importance of particular foods, especially in an environment such as this in which many animal species suffer seasonal food shortages (Terborgh 1986). For each plant species in the list, several items of information about their human ecological relations were incorporated. One was also derived from ethnoecological knowledge, and was whether the plant in question had been reported to occur in old farms. The others concerned human usage: for each species, whether the fruit was eaten by people, whether any recorded uses involved felling the tree, or whether there were any reported uses that did not fall into these categories, were all noted. The results are summarised in table 8.1. In this table, plant names are in Wapishana. The column ‘frequency’ refers to frequency of inclusion across animal species, i.e. it gives the number of the six animal species for which it was reported as food by more than one ethnoecological informant. ‘Score’ refers to the figure mentioned above, the sum, for all six species of the frequency, across interviewees, with which this food plant was mentioned. Table 8.1. Human interactions with key food plants of important animal species Food plant Score Freq. Fruits eaten Felled Other human use Anthropic Habitats Human Interaction Poo'a (Pouteria sp.) 4.23 6 Y N N N Y Pokoridi (Attalea regia) 3.51 5 Y Y Y N Y Iziari (Manilkara bidentata) 3.41 6 Y Y Y N Y Zuupu (Spondias mombin) 2.28 5 Y N Y N Y Ochoro (Oenocarpus bataua) 2.24 6 Y Y Y Y Y Kawarori (Anacardium giganteum) 2.16 6 Y N Y Y Y Naata (Hymenaea courbaril) 2.07 5 Y Y Y N Y Mapuza(Oenocarpus bacaba) 1.91 5 Y Y Y Y Y Dyo (Mauritia flexuosa) 1.79 5 Y Y Y N Y Koram (Inga alba) 1.49 6 Y N Y N Y Wamooko (Parinari excelsa) 1.44 5 Y N Y N Y Widu'oko 1.33 4 Y N Y N Y Bowao (Tetragastris) 1.32 5 Y Y Y N Y Tokoro (Licania majuscula) 1.31 4 N Y N N Y Tooru (Cecropia) 1.31 2 N N N Y Y Waazu (Astrocaryum) 1.14 3 Y N Y Y Y
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Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conserv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1. MAP OF
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intro
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subsistence strategies to exemplify
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context is provided by Wapishana cu
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a 'need' for meat even if their phy
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phenomenon and thus arguing that in
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populations of beaver and caribou (
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practice (Sillitoe 1998: 228-9). Th
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1.2.4 Does the nature of ethnoecolo
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presented on cultural ecology. This
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Riviere identifies cognatic descent
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the village and out in the forest.
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CHAPTER 2: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND D
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groups also comprise the majority i
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provides national-level representat
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around 4,000 km 2 and excluding man
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industries have been identified as
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events was the subject of much conc
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Changes in the global economy seem
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significant improvements in the sit
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industry rapidly disappeared. A pro
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Wapishana communities in which he w
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correspond to a remarkably high pro
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Thorbjarnarson 1991; Ojasti 1991; T
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2.6 Conservation interest in Guyana
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outreach in 1995, links between Iwo
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2.6.3 Other Activities Relating to
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enefit of the entire national popul
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forests of the Rupununi River itsel
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anchers narrowly failed in their al
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eleased, but it may well be that Co
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Information collected over the cour
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from the early 19th century unambig
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south as Kujuwini (Riviere 1963: 13
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Dadanawa in 1977, has a Wapishana m
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Wapishana resident in indigenous se
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through this body that the member v
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162). Extensive changes in the over
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Brethren faith, and has constructed
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Many labour emigrants spend several
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freedom and independence of local p
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CHAPTER 4: WAPISHANA CULTURAL ECOLO
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Table 4.1. Percentage of households
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Figure 4.1. Map of Maruranau’s fa
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edge, or in patch of savannah withi
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that of previous studies of Wapisha
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other cassava drinks and those made
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and is effectively a volunteer spec
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When growing in large stands, mango
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Bananas Musa spp. 8 Thyme Lippia mi
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crop. According to the reports of p
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alone. A variety of binas 4 may be
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manicole (Euterpe spp.), or a combi
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areas on higher ground. Parrots and
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egarded as edible were omitted, alo
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Table 4.7 Animal categories reporte
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when the mother has been hunted, an
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and most of these in very small num
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that the take had diminished rapidl
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Oenocarpus 5 were treated as a sing
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egularly visited areas, but as thes
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of the European pig (Schomburgk 192
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individual resident in Aishalton be
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Useful trees were assigned to use c
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Total number of uses 120 100 80 60
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that the proportion of segregates w
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CHAPTER 5: SYMBOLISM 5.1 Syncretism
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clear that many aspects of knowledg
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malevolent purposes associated with
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ivers, especially at rapids or deep
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myself suffered a mysterious and hi
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5.5 Ecological Implications The maj
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of spider monkey meat may, however,
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CHAPTER 6: ETHNOECOLOGY This chapte
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themselves. Such a circumstance aro
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may reflect local phenotypic divers
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format employed allows analysis to
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people use this and for what?", "Ho
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6.2.2 Mechanisms of acquisition of
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my part. In all cases I looked for
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mobility prevented this. Three of t
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Opinion was also divided about the
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6.3.5 Red-rumped agouti, ‘rabbit
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occupied in the dry season are aban
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6.3.8 ‘Baboon’, red howler monk
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Page 187 and 188: CHAPTER 7: ETHNOECOLOGY 2 - COMPARI
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Page 191 and 192: Overall, the dietary data in the pr
Page 193 and 194: Studies from Brazil and Peru report
Page 195 and 196: Table 7.5. List of food plants reco
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Page 199 and 200: 7.6 Orange-rumped agouti Table 7.9.
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Page 203 and 204: 7.8 Black spider monkey Specific fo
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Page 207 and 208: Table 7.16. Comparison of ethnoecol
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Page 213 and 214: Other ethnoecological data is compa
Page 217 and 218: the Wapishana biological lexicon. T
Page 219 and 220: as concrete stimuli for responses.
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Page 223 and 224: herd, anticipate its movements and
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Page 227: The gathering of eggs of turtles an
Page 231 and 232: Food plant Score Freq. Fruits eaten
Page 233 and 234: esearch later collaborated on biolo
Page 235 and 236: weaknesses correspond to some of th
Page 237 and 238: Subsistence is also heavily depende
Page 239 and 240: the most interesting questions. Did
Page 241 and 242: 9.3 Does the existing social-ecolog
Page 243 and 244: avoidance by people of particular a
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Page 247 and 248: provide conceptual tools useful in
Page 249 and 250: in such a way as to be complementar
Page 251 and 252: consultation on all matters affecti
Page 253 and 254: 10.2 Research findings and their im
Page 255 and 256: societies with other parties with w
Page 257 and 258: 10.4 Suggestions for further resear
Page 259 and 260: REFERENCES Agrawal, A. 1995. ‘Dis
Page 261 and 262: Barreto, G.R., O.E. Hernandez and J
Page 263 and 264: Clement, C.R. 1993. 'Native Amazoni
Page 265 and 266: EPA 1999. 'National Biodiversity Ac
Page 267 and 268: Government of Guyana 1996. 'Proceed
Page 269 and 270: Johnson, W.A. 1974. ‘Ethnoecology
Page 271 and 272: Millner-Gulland, E.J. and R. Mace 1
Page 273 and 274: Posey, D.A., J. Frechione, J. Eddin
Page 275 and 276: Salisbury, R.F., M.J. Dummett, T.L.
Page 277 and 278: Turner, H.E. 1972. ‘The Rupununi
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APPENDICES These appendices list Wa
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Wapishana name Creole name Scientif
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Wapishana Name Creole Name Scientif
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