Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conservation And Development In A ...

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same subject was sought in the ecological literature. When the latter was available, I noted whether the corresponding information in the two data sets was consistent. 7.2 Collared peccaries Specific food plants recorded more than once for bakuru included the reproductive parts (fruits, seeds or both) of those species listed in table 7.1. In this and subsequent such tables, the two right-hand columns show whether each of these was corroborated in the ecological literature, by the reported consumption of fruits of either the same genus ('Gen'), or the same family ('Fam'). Other foods included in the ethnoecological data set on bakuru but not listed in the table were the shoots of wild banana, yapun: an insect larva found in old seeds of Attalea regia, and the cultivated tubers cassava (Manihot esculenta), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), yam (Dioscorea cayennensis) and eddo (Colocasia esculenta). Most of the published ecological data on collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) comes from very different habitats to that in which the present study is located. The exception is that of Henry (1997), who reported the contents of stomachs collected in French Guiana to include a high proportion of seeds, a lesser proportion of fruit pulp and a similar proportion of animal matter. More specific identifications of food items were not made. Kiltie (1981a) found seeds of several species of palm, including Jessenia (which has since been re-assigned to Oenocarpus), in collared peccary stomachs collected in Peru. Small quantities of animal material were regularly found, and reported to consist mostly of insect parts, though the study period did not include the time of greatest food scarcity. Bodmer (1989) also found seeds of Oenocarpus (Jessenia) in collared peccary stomachs from Peru, along with those of Virola, Inga and unidentified members of the families Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae (very low frequency), Leguminosae and, at a very high frequency, Sapotaceae. In a later study from the same location, earthworms were among several animal foods identified, but were recorded in smaller quantities than insects, molluscs and mammals (Bodmer et al. 1997b: 15-27). Food plants reported from a dry forest in the Venezuelan Llanos showed no overlap with those recorded here in terms of species and genera, but included members of the families Anacardiaceae, Leguminosae and Palmae. The parts of plants eaten were, again, mostly fruits and seeds (Barreto et al. 1997). None of the ecological studies consulted appears to have taken place in an agricultural area, but there exist anecdotal reports of consumption of a variety of cultivated plants (Sowls 1984: 196). Roots and tubers of non- cultivated plants are reported to be important in the diets of peccaries in the Brazilian
caatinga (Olmos 1993), and were also regularly found in stomach samples analysed in Peru (Bodmer et al. 1997b: 18). Table 7.1. list of food plants recorded in ethnoecological interviews on Tayassu tajacu, and their corroboration in the ecological literature Wapishana name Latin name Gen Fam Ochoro Oenocarpus bataua: Palmae X X Mapuza Oenocarpus bacaba: Palmae X X Koobiki Inga ingoides: Leguminosae (Mimosoideae) X X Koram Inga alba: Leguminosae (Mimosoideae) X X Koto'u Virola surinamensis: Myristicaceae X X Iziari Manilkara bidentata: Sapotaceae X Pokoridi Attalea regia: Palmae X Poo'a Pouteria sp.: Sapotaceae X Daba Curiously, several of the cited studies report consumption of fruits of Spondias mombin, Mauritia flexuosa, Astrocaryum and Euterpe, each of which was mentioned by only a single interviewee in the present study and thus eliminated from the analysis. It seems likely that these fruits are consumed by collared peccaries in the area of the present study, as there is no reason to believe that foods consumed in one area would be avoided in another. If this is indeed the case, it demonstrates a weakness of the analytical method in which food items mentioned only once are eliminated. Peltogyne porphyrocardia: Leguminosae (Caesalpinioideae) Naata Hymenaea courbaril: Leguminosae (Caesalpinioideae) X Kawarori Anacardium giganteum: Anacardiaceae X A'akush Manilkara excelsa: Sapotaceae X Otoochi cf. Manilkara: Sapotaceae X Kaawai Micropholis venulosa: Sapotaceae X Kaziman Couma sp.: Apocynaceae X Roomi au Sacloglottis cydonioides: Humiriceae Bowao Tetragastris sp./spp.: Burseraceae Tokoro Licania spp.: Chrysobalanaceae Widu'oko not identified - - Koomaru not identified - - Arakiki not identified - - X
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Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conserv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1. MAP OF
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intro
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subsistence strategies to exemplify
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context is provided by Wapishana cu
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a 'need' for meat even if their phy
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phenomenon and thus arguing that in
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populations of beaver and caribou (
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practice (Sillitoe 1998: 228-9). Th
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1.2.4 Does the nature of ethnoecolo
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presented on cultural ecology. This
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Riviere identifies cognatic descent
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the village and out in the forest.
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CHAPTER 2: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND D
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groups also comprise the majority i
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provides national-level representat
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around 4,000 km 2 and excluding man
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industries have been identified as
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events was the subject of much conc
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Changes in the global economy seem
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significant improvements in the sit
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industry rapidly disappeared. A pro
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Wapishana communities in which he w
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correspond to a remarkably high pro
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Thorbjarnarson 1991; Ojasti 1991; T
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2.6 Conservation interest in Guyana
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outreach in 1995, links between Iwo
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2.6.3 Other Activities Relating to
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enefit of the entire national popul
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forests of the Rupununi River itsel
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anchers narrowly failed in their al
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eleased, but it may well be that Co
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Information collected over the cour
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from the early 19th century unambig
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south as Kujuwini (Riviere 1963: 13
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Dadanawa in 1977, has a Wapishana m
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Wapishana resident in indigenous se
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through this body that the member v
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162). Extensive changes in the over
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Brethren faith, and has constructed
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Many labour emigrants spend several
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freedom and independence of local p
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CHAPTER 4: WAPISHANA CULTURAL ECOLO
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Table 4.1. Percentage of households
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Figure 4.1. Map of Maruranau’s fa
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edge, or in patch of savannah withi
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that of previous studies of Wapisha
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other cassava drinks and those made
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and is effectively a volunteer spec
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When growing in large stands, mango
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Bananas Musa spp. 8 Thyme Lippia mi
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crop. According to the reports of p
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alone. A variety of binas 4 may be
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manicole (Euterpe spp.), or a combi
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areas on higher ground. Parrots and
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egarded as edible were omitted, alo
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Table 4.7 Animal categories reporte
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when the mother has been hunted, an
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and most of these in very small num
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that the take had diminished rapidl
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Oenocarpus 5 were treated as a sing
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egularly visited areas, but as thes
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of the European pig (Schomburgk 192
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individual resident in Aishalton be
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Useful trees were assigned to use c
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Total number of uses 120 100 80 60
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Page 139 and 140: CHAPTER 5: SYMBOLISM 5.1 Syncretism
Page 141 and 142: clear that many aspects of knowledg
Page 143 and 144: malevolent purposes associated with
Page 145 and 146: ivers, especially at rapids or deep
Page 147 and 148: myself suffered a mysterious and hi
Page 149 and 150: 5.5 Ecological Implications The maj
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Page 153 and 154: CHAPTER 6: ETHNOECOLOGY This chapte
Page 155 and 156: themselves. Such a circumstance aro
Page 157 and 158: may reflect local phenotypic divers
Page 159 and 160: format employed allows analysis to
Page 161 and 162: people use this and for what?", "Ho
Page 163 and 164: 6.2.2 Mechanisms of acquisition of
Page 165 and 166: my part. In all cases I looked for
Page 167 and 168: mobility prevented this. Three of t
Page 169 and 170: Opinion was also divided about the
Page 171 and 172: 6.3.5 Red-rumped agouti, ‘rabbit
Page 173 and 174: occupied in the dry season are aban
Page 175 and 176: 6.3.8 ‘Baboon’, red howler monk
Page 177 and 178: dynamics were considered by three i
Page 179 and 180: there was a seasonal food shortage
Page 181 and 182: din (an unidentified felid, probabl
Page 183 and 184: evealed information about this impo
Page 185 and 186: this could be conducted by examinin
Page 187: CHAPTER 7: ETHNOECOLOGY 2 - COMPARI
Page 191 and 192: Overall, the dietary data in the pr
Page 193 and 194: Studies from Brazil and Peru report
Page 195 and 196: Table 7.5. List of food plants reco
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Page 199 and 200: 7.6 Orange-rumped agouti Table 7.9.
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Page 203 and 204: 7.8 Black spider monkey Specific fo
Page 205 and 206: from the current data set almost ce
Page 207 and 208: Table 7.16. Comparison of ethnoecol
Page 209 and 210: families Arecaceae (Palmae), Meliac
Page 213 and 214: Other ethnoecological data is compa
Page 217 and 218: the Wapishana biological lexicon. T
Page 219 and 220: as concrete stimuli for responses.
Page 221 and 222: CHAPTER 8: APPLICATIONS OF ETHNOECO
Page 223 and 224: herd, anticipate its movements and
Page 225 and 226: for several consecutive nights unti
Page 227 and 228: The gathering of eggs of turtles an
Page 229 and 230: importance of particular foods, esp
Page 231 and 232: Food plant Score Freq. Fruits eaten
Page 233 and 234: esearch later collaborated on biolo
Page 235 and 236: weaknesses correspond to some of th
Page 237 and 238: Subsistence is also heavily depende
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the most interesting questions. Did
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9.3 Does the existing social-ecolog
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avoidance by people of particular a
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via the exploitation of locally-ava
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provide conceptual tools useful in
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in such a way as to be complementar
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consultation on all matters affecti
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10.2 Research findings and their im
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societies with other parties with w
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10.4 Suggestions for further resear
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REFERENCES Agrawal, A. 1995. ‘Dis
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Barreto, G.R., O.E. Hernandez and J
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Clement, C.R. 1993. 'Native Amazoni
Page 265 and 266:
EPA 1999. 'National Biodiversity Ac
Page 267 and 268:
Government of Guyana 1996. 'Proceed
Page 269 and 270:
Johnson, W.A. 1974. ‘Ethnoecology
Page 271 and 272:
Millner-Gulland, E.J. and R. Mace 1
Page 273 and 274:
Posey, D.A., J. Frechione, J. Eddin
Page 275 and 276:
Salisbury, R.F., M.J. Dummett, T.L.
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Turner, H.E. 1972. ‘The Rupununi
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APPENDICES These appendices list Wa
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Wapishana name Creole name Scientif
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Wapishana Name Creole Name Scientif
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