Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

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Exposure in <strong>the</strong> home Exposure via food æble solbær ribs pære kirsebær jordbær hindbær blomme �� leakages due to incorrect storage, spills and pollution <strong>from</strong> production plants or landfill sites. Children, in particular, can be exposed to pesticides <strong>from</strong> eating contaminated soil, <strong>from</strong> contact with pets treated with pesticides or <strong>from</strong> parents exposed to pesticides in <strong>the</strong>ir work. Exposure to pesticides can occur in connection with <strong>the</strong>ir use in and around <strong>the</strong> home, e.g. in combating insects and treating pets. Besides direct indoor treatment with pesticides, pesticides can be given off by pot plants treated with pesticides at <strong>the</strong> nursery. There have been no studies of this exposure in Denmark (Skadhauge 1998). The main exposure of <strong>the</strong> population to pesticides must be assumed to occur via food. Around 60% of this intake occurs via imported food products. Exposure via vegetables and, particularly, via berries and fruit predominates. The sources of <strong>the</strong> information on this are <strong>the</strong> Veterinary and Food Administrations’ annual reports on <strong>the</strong> nationwide control and monitoring of <strong>the</strong> residual content of pesticides in vegetable and animal food products on <strong>the</strong> Danish market. The samples are extracted at <strong>the</strong> wholesale level. The studies cover both Danish and imported food products and are carried out as a random sample control, supplemented by targeted control. frugt �� 0 10 20 30 40 50 % �� importeret �� dansk 105
106 tomat salat kinakål kartofler gulerod courget bladselleri agurk �� grøntsager �� 0 10 20 30 40 50 % dansk �� importeret Figure 6.3 Frequency of fruit and vegetables with pesticide residues for Danish and imported crops, 1993-1997 (fruit and vegetables with <strong>the</strong> highest number of samples are presented). On average, pesticide residues have been detected in about one quarter of <strong>the</strong> Danish and imported fruit shown in <strong>the</strong> figure. For <strong>the</strong> vegetables, pesticide residues have been detected in an average of 20% of <strong>the</strong> imported vegetables in <strong>the</strong> figure, compared with 6% of <strong>the</strong> Danish vegetables. Figure text: frugt = fruit æbler = apples solbær = blackcurrants ribs = redcurrants pære = pears kirsebær = cherries jordbær = strawberries hindbær = raspberries blomme = plums grøntsager = vegetables tomat = tomatoes salat = lettuce kinakål = Chinese cabbage kartofler = potatoes gulerod = carrots courget = courgette bladselleri = celery agurk = cucumber importeret = imported dansk = Danish Food products In <strong>the</strong> national monitoring programme, <strong>the</strong> samples are extracted at random (randomised) <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> crops that it has been decided to check in <strong>the</strong> year in question. The programme is designed to determine <strong>the</strong> level of residues in <strong>the</strong> crops checked. The samples are taken at wholesalers, producers and importers. The sampling is carried out by <strong>the</strong> food inspection units, toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong> Plant Directorate and <strong>the</strong> Danish Veterinary and Food Administration. The samples are generally extracted with a geographical distribution and distributed over <strong>the</strong> whole of <strong>the</strong>
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The Bichel Committee 1999 R
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1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE SUB-COMMITTE
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9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASSESSME
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1 Introduction On 15 May 1997 <stro
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The President Members 10 Henrik San
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Consultants’ reports 12 The sub-c
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14 4 Occurrence of pesticides in <s
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The Nationwide Monitoring Programme
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Counties analyse samples fr
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20 system. However, the</st
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941 110 22 MB 270 31 13 MB 1281 10
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Substance Permitte
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26 The distribution of finds of pes
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28 concentrations of up to 11 micro
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Table 4.10 Occurrence of pesticides
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32 It will be seen from</st
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34 • The frequency of detection i
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36 Soil water samples containing pe
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38 Bromoxynil 3 n.d. 0.04 54 DNOC 4
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40 concentrations found so far are
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42 mononitrophenols and oth
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44 The main measure used to try to
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Models for volatilisation 46 • It
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Calculation of the
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Processes that remove pesticides <s
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52 atrazine and the</strong
Page 55 and 56: Potential sources of pesticides in
Page 57 and 58: 56 Example 1: IPU dosage 1000 g act
Page 59: 58 completely against future pollut
Page 62 and 63: Exposure of field fauna through tre
Page 64 and 65: Leaf beetles Direct effects of spra
Page 66 and 67: Indirect effects on mammals and bir
Page 68 and 69: Birds are particularly interesting
Page 70 and 71: Importance of headland vegetation t
Page 72 and 73: Effects of pesticides in forestry A
Page 74 and 75: Repeated spraying changes t
Page 76 and 77: Effect on seed production The wild
Page 78 and 79: Impact on the flor
Page 80 and 81: • The sub-committee recommends mo
Page 82 and 83: Effects on primary producers The ef
Page 84 and 85: Effects on amphibians Unlawful use
Page 86 and 87: concentrations than the</st
Page 88: The sub-committee recommends more c
Page 91 and 92: General ergonomic problems Particul
Page 93 and 94: Tractor accidents Accidents resulti
Page 95 and 96: The sprayer operator’s exposure t
Page 97 and 98: Pesticides and cancer 96 th
Page 99 and 100: Studies of frequency of cancer Repr
Page 101 and 102: Neurotoxicity Immunotoxicity and se
Page 103 and 104: Population studies 102 • Long-ter
Page 105: Other risk groups
Page 109 and 110: Calculation of pesticide intake <st
Page 111 and 112: The Danes’ dietary pattern Reduct
Page 113 and 114: Estimated intake from</stro
Page 115 and 116: Table 6.4 Estimated pesticide intak
Page 117 and 118: Variation in daily intake of pestic
Page 119 and 120: Endosulfan = Endosulfan Methidathio
Page 121 and 122: Limit values Authorisation of pesti
Page 123 and 124: Analytical studies: case control st
Page 125 and 126: Cancer Mechanism behind the
Page 127 and 128: Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity in chil
Page 129 and 130: 128 6.2.7 Conclusions There is insu
Page 131 and 132: 130 • It cannot be proven on <str
Page 133 and 134: 132 Danish products. There are big
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Page 137 and 138: Definition of proportionality Heavy
Page 139 and 140: Tropospheric ozone Veterinary drugs
Page 141 and 142: 140 effect that can be expected per
Page 143 and 144: Synthetic pesticid
Page 145 and 146: 144 formulations. Therefore, <stron
Page 147 and 148: International cooperation 146 be il
Page 149 and 150: Fuzzy Expert model Expert assessmen
Page 151 and 152: Setting up a gross list with a view
Page 153 and 154: Better monitoring of the</s
Page 155 and 156: 154 help in the as
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Impact index for the</stron
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Knowledge-building in the</
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160 In relation to the</str
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Uncertainties and variations 162 A
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164 which is fixed at 0.1 microgram
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166 If the risk as
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Prevention of disease in cereal cro
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Prevention of pest attack in agricu
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172 plants whose ability to establi
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Biobeds Municipal environmental sup
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Malt barley and gushing Direct effe
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Effect of soil treatment on wild pl
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Emissions of greenhouse gases 180 p
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Conclusions concerning environmenta
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Conclusions concerning leaching of
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0+-scenario: almost total phase-out
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Scenarios for forests Weath
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Soil Residues in the</stron
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Impact on the fiel
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Earthworms 194 has been carried out
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Assumptions and uncertainties Resul
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Comparison of weed control with and
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Results of calculations with <stron
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202 Scenarier Ingen behandling Plus
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Impacts on the flo
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Results of the mod
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Mechanical weed control 208 Behandl
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The Dane's dietary pattern and dail
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212 11 The sub-committee’s summar
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Conclusion concerning lack of time
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Conclusion concerning impacts on fl
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Conclusions concerning model analys
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Conclusions concerning exposure to
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Conclusion concerning mycotoxins Th
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Ranking with respect to groundwater
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Conclusion concerning emissions of
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Conclusions concerning natural subs
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230 12 References Abell, A., Bonde,
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232 Colborn, T., vom Saal., F.S., S
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234 Eyer, P. (1995). Neuropsychopat
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236 Graae, B.J. (1999). Florest flo
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238 Protection Conference: Pesticid
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240 Lindhardt, B., Sørensen, P.B.,
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242 consumption of fossil energy wi
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244 intoxication. The Pesticide Hea
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246 Underudvalget for Miljø og Sun
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248 Annex 1 Data required for autho
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250 11) Metabolism in animals The s
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252 Annex 2 The general rules for r
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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 25
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256 reasonable and usable system fo
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