Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

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Dich, J., Zahm, S.H., Hanberg, A., Adami, H.-O. (1997). Pesticides and cancer. Cancer Causes Control, 8, pp. 420-443. DJF (1998). http://www.agrsci.dk/plb/oqb/exposure.html, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences’s homepage. EC (1996). EUSES, <strong>the</strong> European Union System for <strong>the</strong> Evaluation of <strong>Sub</strong>stances. National Institute of Public Health and <strong>the</strong> Environment (RIVM), Holland. European Chemicals Bureau (EC/DGXI), Ispra, Italy. Ecobichon, D.J. (1996). Toxic effects of pesticides. I: Klaassen, C.D. (ed.). Casarett & Doull's Toxicology. The basic science of poisons. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill, pp. 643-89. Editorial (1995). Male reproductive health and environmental estrogens. Lancet, 345, pp. 933-935. Edwards, C.A., Bohlen, P.J. (1992). The Effects of Toxic Chemicals on Earthworms. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 125, pp. 22-99. Elen, O. (1997). Forekomst af aksfusariose o noen feltforsøk 1996 (Occurrence of fusarium wilt in some field tests), pp. 113-116. I: Information meeting in Plant Protection 1997 (Glorvigen, B. ed.). Grøn Forskning 2. Elmegaard, E., Axelsen, J. (1999). Pesticidscenarier: Effekter på den lavere fauna (Pesticide scenarios: effects of pesticide use on <strong>the</strong> lower fauna). Consultant’s report, Danish National Environmental Research Institute, 15 p. Elmegaard, N. (1998). Om eksponering og effekter af pesticidanvendelsen på nyttefauna og den øvrige lavere og højere fauna i agerlandet (On exposure and effects of pesticide use on useful fauna and <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r lower and higher fauna in arable land). Consultant’s report, Danish National Environmental Research Institute, 14 p. Elmegaard, N., Kjær, C. (1995). Effekter af subletale doser af herbicider på samspillet mellem ukrudt og insekter (Effects of sublethal doses of herbicides on <strong>the</strong> interaction between weeds and insects). SP-rapport 3, pp. 19-25. Elmegaard, N., Kjær, C., Akkerhuis, G.J.A.M. (1998). Predicting field effects <strong>from</strong> laboratory data. Pesticide research <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Danish Environmental Protection Agency, No. 40, 106 p. Elmegaard, N., Løkke, H., Strandberg, M. (1996). Miljøkonsekvensvurdering af reduktioner i pesticidforbruget i statsskovbruget (Environmental consequence analysis of reductions in pesticide consumption in state forestry). Memorandum <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Danish National Environmental Research Institute, Dept. for Terrestrical Ecology, 21 p. Elmholt, S. (1998). Vedrørende samspil mellem pesticider og toksiner i landbrugsafgrøder (Concerning interaction between pesticides and toxins in agricultural crops). Consultant’s report. Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 6 p. Erickson, E., Lee, K.H. (1989). Degradation of Atrazine and Related S-Triazines. Crit. Rev. Environ. Control, 19(1), pp. 1-14. Eriksson, P. (1997). Developmental neurotoxicity of environmental agents in <strong>the</strong> neonate. Neurotoxicology, 18(3), pp. 719-726. EUROPOEM (1997). The development, Maintenance and dissemination of a European Predictive Operator Exposure Model (EUROPOEM) Database. Final report, AIR3 CT93-1370, BIBRA, International, Carlshalton, UK. 233
234 Eyer, P. (1995). Neuropsychopathological changes by organophosphorus compounds - a review. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 14, pp. 857-864. Felding, G. (1992). Leaching of Atrazine and Hexazinone <strong>from</strong> Abies Nordmannia (Steven) Spach Plantations. Pestic. Sci., 35, pp. 271-275. Felding, G. (1993). Udvaskning af phenoxysyrer fra landbrugsjord i omdrift (Leaching of phenoxy acides <strong>from</strong> farmland in rotation). 10. 10th Danish Plant Protection Conference, Pesticides and Environment, S-2236, pp. 39-52. Felding, G. (1998a). Fund af pesticider i nedbør, nedbørsbidrag til jord og grundvand samt internationalt bidrag til pesticidbelastningen (Pesticides detected in precipitation, contribution of precipitation to soil and groundwater and international contribution to <strong>the</strong> pesticide load). Consultant’s report, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Flakkebjerg, 8 p. Felding, G. (1998b). Forekomst af herbicider i nedbør og effekt heraf på planter og plantesamfund (Occurrence of herbicides in precipitation and effect on plants and plant communities). Situation report to <strong>the</strong> Danish Environmental Protection Agency (7041-0006). Felding, G., Mogensen, B.B., Sørensen, J.B., Hansen, A.C. (1997). Surface run-off of pesticides <strong>from</strong> farmland to streams and lakes. Pesticide research <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Danish Environmental Protection Agency No. 29, 76 p. Felsot, A.S., Bhatti, M.A., Mink, G.I., Reisenauer, G. (1996). Biomonitoring with sentinel plants to assess exposure of nontarget crops to atmospheric deposition of herbicide residues. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 15, pp. 452-459. Fenger, J. (1995). Ozon som luftforurening (Ozone as air pollution). Theme report <strong>from</strong> DMU No. 3/1995, 48 p. Ferraz, H.B., Bertolucci, P.H., Pereira, J.S., Lima, J.G., Andrade, L.A. (1988). Chronic exposure to <strong>the</strong> fungicide maneb may produce symptoms and signs of CNS manganese intoxication. Neurology, 38(4), pp. 550-553. Fischer, P.B.J., Bach, M., Spiteller, M., Frede, H.-G. (1996). Landwirtschaftliche Beratung als Instrument zur Reduzierung von punktuellen PSM-eintraegen in Fliessgewaesser. (Agricultural consultation as an instrument to reduce pesticide input in surface waters) (Article in German). Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes, 48(12), pp. 261-264. Fleming, L.E., Timmeny, W. (1993). Aplastic anemia and pesticides. An etiologic association? J. Occup. Med., 35(11), pp. 1106-1116. Fletcher, J., Pfleeger, T.G., Ratsch, H.C., Hayes, R. (1996). Potential impact of low levels of Chlorsulfuron and o<strong>the</strong>r herbicides on growth and yield of nontarget plants. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 15, pp. 1189-1196. Fomsgaard, I.S. (1998). Pesticider i jord (Pesticides in soil). Consultant’s report, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Flakkebjerg, 12 p. Frampton, G.K. (1988). The effects of some commonly-used foliar fungicides on collembola in winter barley: laboratory and field studies. Annals of applied Biology, 113, pp. 1-14. Friberg, N. (1998). Effekter af pesticidanvendelsen på flora og fauna i ferskvand (Effects of use of pesticides on flora and fauna in fresh water). Consultant’s report, Danish National Environmental Research Institute, 5 p. Frisvad, J.C., Viuf, B.T. (1986). Comparison of direct and dilution plating for detecting Penicillium viridicatum in barley containing ochratoxin. I: King, A.D.,
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The Bichel Committee 1999 R
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1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE SUB-COMMITTE
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9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASSESSME
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1 Introduction On 15 May 1997 <stro
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The President Members 10 Henrik San
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Consultants’ reports 12 The sub-c
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14 4 Occurrence of pesticides in <s
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The Nationwide Monitoring Programme
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Counties analyse samples fr
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20 system. However, the</st
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941 110 22 MB 270 31 13 MB 1281 10
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Substance Permitte
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26 The distribution of finds of pes
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28 concentrations of up to 11 micro
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Table 4.10 Occurrence of pesticides
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32 It will be seen from</st
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34 • The frequency of detection i
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36 Soil water samples containing pe
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38 Bromoxynil 3 n.d. 0.04 54 DNOC 4
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40 concentrations found so far are
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42 mononitrophenols and oth
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44 The main measure used to try to
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Models for volatilisation 46 • It
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Calculation of the
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Processes that remove pesticides <s
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52 atrazine and the</strong
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Potential sources of pesticides in
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56 Example 1: IPU dosage 1000 g act
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58 completely against future pollut
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Exposure of field fauna through tre
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Leaf beetles Direct effects of spra
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Indirect effects on mammals and bir
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Birds are particularly interesting
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Importance of headland vegetation t
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Effects of pesticides in forestry A
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Repeated spraying changes t
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Effect on seed production The wild
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Impact on the flor
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• The sub-committee recommends mo
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Effects on primary producers The ef
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Effects on amphibians Unlawful use
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concentrations than the</st
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The sub-committee recommends more c
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General ergonomic problems Particul
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Tractor accidents Accidents resulti
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The sprayer operator’s exposure t
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Pesticides and cancer 96 th
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Studies of frequency of cancer Repr
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Neurotoxicity Immunotoxicity and se
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Population studies 102 • Long-ter
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Other risk groups
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106 tomat salat kinakål kartofler
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Calculation of pesticide intake <st
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The Danes’ dietary pattern Reduct
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Estimated intake from</stro
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Table 6.4 Estimated pesticide intak
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Variation in daily intake of pestic
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Endosulfan = Endosulfan Methidathio
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Limit values Authorisation of pesti
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Analytical studies: case control st
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Cancer Mechanism behind the
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Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity in chil
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128 6.2.7 Conclusions There is insu
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130 • It cannot be proven on <str
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132 Danish products. There are big
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134
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Definition of proportionality Heavy
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Tropospheric ozone Veterinary drugs
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140 effect that can be expected per
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Synthetic pesticid
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144 formulations. Therefore, <stron
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International cooperation 146 be il
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Fuzzy Expert model Expert assessmen
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Setting up a gross list with a view
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Better monitoring of the</s
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154 help in the as
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Impact index for the</stron
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Knowledge-building in the</
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160 In relation to the</str
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Uncertainties and variations 162 A
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164 which is fixed at 0.1 microgram
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166 If the risk as
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Prevention of disease in cereal cro
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Prevention of pest attack in agricu
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172 plants whose ability to establi
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Biobeds Municipal environmental sup
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Malt barley and gushing Direct effe
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Effect of soil treatment on wild pl
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Emissions of greenhouse gases 180 p
Page 183 and 184: Conclusions concerning environmenta
Page 185 and 186: Conclusions concerning leaching of
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Page 189 and 190: Scenarios for forests Weath
Page 191 and 192: Soil Residues in the</stron
Page 193 and 194: Impact on the fiel
Page 195 and 196: Earthworms 194 has been carried out
Page 197 and 198: Assumptions and uncertainties Resul
Page 199 and 200: Comparison of weed control with and
Page 201 and 202: Results of calculations with <stron
Page 203 and 204: 202 Scenarier Ingen behandling Plus
Page 205 and 206: Impacts on the flo
Page 207 and 208: Results of the mod
Page 209 and 210: Mechanical weed control 208 Behandl
Page 211 and 212: The Dane's dietary pattern and dail
Page 213 and 214: 212 11 The sub-committee’s summar
Page 215 and 216: Conclusion concerning lack of time
Page 217 and 218: Conclusion concerning impacts on fl
Page 219 and 220: Conclusions concerning model analys
Page 221 and 222: Conclusions concerning exposure to
Page 223 and 224: Conclusion concerning mycotoxins Th
Page 225 and 226: Ranking with respect to groundwater
Page 227 and 228: Conclusion concerning emissions of
Page 229 and 230: Conclusions concerning natural subs
Page 231 and 232: 230 12 References Abell, A., Bonde,
Page 233: 232 Colborn, T., vom Saal., F.S., S
Page 237 and 238: 236 Graae, B.J. (1999). Florest flo
Page 239 and 240: 238 Protection Conference: Pesticid
Page 241 and 242: 240 Lindhardt, B., Sørensen, P.B.,
Page 243 and 244: 242 consumption of fossil energy wi
Page 245 and 246: 244 intoxication. The Pesticide Hea
Page 247 and 248: 246 Underudvalget for Miljø og Sun
Page 249 and 250: 248 Annex 1 Data required for autho
Page 251 and 252: 250 11) Metabolism in animals The s
Page 253 and 254: 252 Annex 2 The general rules for r
Page 255 and 256: Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 25
Page 257: 256 reasonable and usable system fo
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