Steenl<strong>and</strong>, K., Jenkins, B., Ames, R.G., O'Malley, M., Chrislip, D., Russo, J. (1994). Chr<strong>on</strong>ic neurological sequelae to organophosphate pesticide pois<strong>on</strong>ing. Am. J. Public Health, 84(5), pp. 731-736. Str<strong>and</strong>berg, M. (1998). Vurdering af miljøvirkningen som følge af pesticidanvendelsen i det private skovbrug (Assessment of envir<strong>on</strong>mental impact <str<strong>on</strong>g>from</str<strong>on</strong>g> use of pesticides in private forestry). C<strong>on</strong>sultant’s report, Danish Nati<strong>on</strong>al Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Research Institute. Strohmer, H., Boldizsar, A., Plöckinger, B., Feldner-Busztin, M., Feichtinger, W. (1993). Agricultural work <strong>and</strong> male infertility. Am. J. Ind. Med., 24, pp. 587-592. Strukturdirektoratet (Danish Directorate for Development) (1999). Akti<strong>on</strong>splan II. Økologi i udvikling (Acti<strong>on</strong> Plan II. Organic Farming in Development). Danish Ministry of Food, Agriculture <strong>and</strong> Fisheries. 367 p. Sørensen, P.B., Mogensen, B.B., Gyldenkærne, S., Rasmussen, A.G. (1997). Pesticide leaching assessment method for ranking both single substances <strong>and</strong> scenarios of multiple substance use. Chemosphere, 36(10), pp. 2251-2276. Tarasuk, V.S., Brooker, A.-S. (1997). Interpreting epidemiologic studies of dietdisease relati<strong>on</strong>ships. J. Nutr., 127(9), pp. 1847-1852. Tersbøl, M., Mikkelsen, G., Rasmussen, I., Christensen, S. (1998). Forebyggelse af ukrudtsproblemer, samt mekanisk bekæmpelse af ukrudt og effekter på frøpuljen (Preventi<strong>on</strong> of weed problems, mechanical weed c<strong>on</strong>trol <strong>and</strong> effects <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> seed pool). C<strong>on</strong>sultant’s report, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Agricultural Advisory Service, 48 p. Thoms<strong>on</strong>, D.G., Kreutzweiser, D.P., Capell, S.S., Thomas, D.R., Staznik, B., Viinikka, T. (1995). Fate <strong>and</strong> effects of Triclopyr ester in a first-order forest stream. Envir<strong>on</strong>. Toxicol. Chem., 14, pp. 1307-1317. Thoms<strong>on</strong>, N., Ley, A.J. (1982). The quantificati<strong>on</strong> of spray drop drift. Proceedings 1982 British Crop Protecti<strong>on</strong> C<strong>on</strong>ference, Weeds, pp. 1039-1044. Thrane, U., Filtenborg, O., Frisvad, J.C., Lund, F. (1992). Improved methods for detecti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> identificati<strong>on</strong> of toxigenic Fusarium species. I: Sams<strong>on</strong>, R.A., Hocking, A.D., Pitt, J.I. & King, A.D. (eds.), Modern Methods in Food Mycology, Elsevier Science Publishers: Amsterdam, pp. 275-284. Tils<strong>on</strong>, H.A., Kavlock, R.J. (1997). The workshop <strong>on</strong> endocrine disrupter research needs: a report. Neurotoxicol., 18(2), pp. 389-392. Toppari, J., Christiansen, P., Giewercman, A., Gr<strong>and</strong>jean, P., Guilette, L.J, Jégou, B., Jensen, T.K, Jouannet, P., Keiding, N., Larsen, J.C., Leffers, H., McLachan, J.A., Meyer, O., Müller, J., Meyts, E.R., Scheike, T., Sharpe, R., Sumpter, J.. Skakkebæk, N.E. (1995). Male reproductive <strong>health</strong> <strong>and</strong> envir<strong>on</strong>mental chemicals with estrogenic effects. Envir<strong>on</strong>ment project 290, Danish Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Protecti<strong>on</strong> agency, 166 p. Traina, M.E., Ade, P., Siepi, G., Urbani, E., Petrelli, M.G. (1994). A review of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> effect of pesticide formulati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> male fertility. Int. J. Envir<strong>on</strong>. Health Res., 4, pp. 38-47. Unal, G., Jeps<strong>on</strong>, P.C. (1991). The toxicity of aphicide residues to beneficial invertebrates in cereal crops. Ann. Appl. Biol., 118, pp. 493-502. Underudvalget for Jordbrugsdyrkning (<str<strong>on</strong>g>Sub</str<strong>on</strong>g>-committee <strong>on</strong> Agriculture) (1998). Rapport fra udvalget om jordbrugsdyrkning (<str<strong>on</strong>g>Report</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>from</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> committee <strong>on</strong> agriculture) (draft doc.jord.2mø.97.7). Secretariat for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Pesticide Committee, 82 p. 245
246 Underudvalget for Miljø og Sundhed (<str<strong>on</strong>g>Sub</str<strong>on</strong>g>-committee <strong>on</strong> Envir<strong>on</strong>ment <strong>and</strong> Health) (1998). Diskussi<strong>on</strong> af forsigtighed og risiko (Discussi<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> precauti<strong>on</strong>ary principle <strong>and</strong> risk). Memor<strong>and</strong>um, 22 p. van der Werf, H.M.G., Zimmer, C. (1998). An indicator of pesticide envir<strong>on</strong>mental impact based <strong>on</strong> a Fussy Expert System. Chemosphere, 36(10), pp. 2225-2249. Veeh, R.H., Inskeep, W.P., Camper, A.K. (1996). Soil Depth <strong>and</strong> Temperature Effects <strong>on</strong> Microbial Degradati<strong>on</strong> of 2,4-D. J. Envir<strong>on</strong>. Qual., 25(1), pp. 5-12. Vickerman, G.P., Sunderl<strong>and</strong>, K.D. (1977). Some effects of Dimethoate <strong>on</strong> arthropods in winter wheat. J. Appl. Ecol., 14, pp. 767-777. Walker, A., Hance, R.J., Allen, J.G., Briggs, G.G.Y.-L.C., Gaynor, J.D., Hogue, E.J., Malquori, A., Moody, K., Moyer, J.R., Pestemer, W., Rahman, A., Smith, A.E., Streibig, J.C., Torstenss<strong>on</strong>, N.T.L., Widyanto, L.S., Z<strong>and</strong>voort, R. (1983). EWRS Herbicide Working Group: Collaborative Experiment <strong>on</strong> Simazine Persistence in Soil. Weed Research, 23, pp. 373-383. Walker, A., Helweg, A., Jacobsen, O.S. (1996). Temperature <strong>and</strong> Pesticide Transformati<strong>on</strong>. Soil Persistence Models <strong>and</strong> EU Registrati<strong>on</strong>, 7617/VI/96, European Commissi<strong>on</strong>. Wallace, J.B., Cuffney, T.F., Webster, J.R., Lugthart, G.J., Chung, K., Goldowitz, B.S. (1991). Export of fine organic particles <str<strong>on</strong>g>from</str<strong>on</strong>g> headwater streams: Effects of seas<strong>on</strong>, extreme discharges, <strong>and</strong> invertebrate manipulati<strong>on</strong>s. Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, pp. 670-682. Wardle, D.A. (1995). Impacts of disturbance <strong>on</strong> detritus food webs in agroecosystems of c<strong>on</strong>trasting tillage <strong>and</strong> weed management practices. Adv. Ecol. Res., 26, pp. 105 - 184. WHO (1996). Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Health Criterie 180: Principles <strong>and</strong> methods for assessing direct immunotxicity associated with exposure to chemicals: Pesticides. World Health Organizati<strong>on</strong>, Geneva, s. 109-114. Whort<strong>on</strong>, M.D., Foliart, D.E. (1983). Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity <strong>and</strong> reproductive effects of dibromochloropropane (DBCP). Mutat. Res., 123(1), pp. 13-30. Wiles, J.A., Jeps<strong>on</strong>, P.C. (1992). The susceptibility of a cereal aphid pest <strong>and</strong> its natural enemies to deltamethrin. Pest. Sci., 36, pp. 263-27. Williams, F.M., Charlt<strong>on</strong>, C., de Blaquiere, G.E., Mutch, E., Kelly, S.S., Blain, P.G. (1997). The effects of multiple low doses of organophosphates <strong>on</strong> target enzymes in brain <strong>and</strong> diaphragm in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> mouse. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 16(2), pp. 67-71. Willis, W.O., de Peyster, A., Molgaard, C.A., Walker, C., MacKendrick, T. (1993). Pregnancy outcome am<strong>on</strong>g women exposed to pesticides through work or residence in agricultural area. J. Occup. Med., 35(9), pp. 943-949. Wils<strong>on</strong>, P.J., Aebischer, N.J. (1995). The distributi<strong>on</strong> of dicotyled<strong>on</strong>ous arable weeds in relati<strong>on</strong> til distance <str<strong>on</strong>g>from</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> field edge. J. Appl. Ecol., 32, pp. 295-310. Windolf, J. (red.) (1997). Ferske v<strong>and</strong>områder - V<strong>and</strong>løb <strong>and</strong> kilder. Overvågningsprogram 1996 (Freshwater areas – water courses <strong>and</strong> springs. M<strong>on</strong>itoring programme 1996). The Aquatic Envir<strong>on</strong>ment Plan’s M<strong>on</strong>itoring Programme 1996. Technical report <str<strong>on</strong>g>from</str<strong>on</strong>g> DMU, No. 214. Danish Nati<strong>on</strong>al Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Research Institute, 112 p. Wolf, M.S., T<strong>on</strong>ioli, P.G., Lee, E.W., Rivera, M., Dubin, N. (1993). Blood levels of organochlorine residues <strong>and</strong> risk of breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 85, pp. 648- 652. Zahm, S.H., Ward, M.H. (1998). Pesticides <strong>and</strong> childhood cancer. Envir<strong>on</strong>. Health Perspect., 106(3), pp. 893-908.
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The Bichel Committee 1999 R
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1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE SUB-COMMITTE
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9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASSESSME
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1 Introduction On 15 May 1997 <stro
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The President Members 10 Henrik San
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Consultants’ reports 12 The sub-c
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14 4 Occurrence of pesticides in <s
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The Nationwide Monitoring Programme
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Counties analyse samples fr
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20 system. However, the</st
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Substance Permitte
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32 It will be seen from</st
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38 Bromoxynil 3 n.d. 0.04 54 DNOC 4
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40 concentrations found so far are
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42 mononitrophenols and oth
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44 The main measure used to try to
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Models for volatilisation 46 • It
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Calculation of the
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Processes that remove pesticides <s
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52 atrazine and the</strong
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Potential sources of pesticides in
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56 Example 1: IPU dosage 1000 g act
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58 completely against future pollut
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Exposure of field fauna through tre
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Leaf beetles Direct effects of spra
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Indirect effects on mammals and bir
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Birds are particularly interesting
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Importance of headland vegetation t
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Effects of pesticides in forestry A
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Repeated spraying changes t
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Effect on seed production The wild
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Impact on the flor
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• The sub-committee recommends mo
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Effects on primary producers The ef
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Effects on amphibians Unlawful use
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concentrations than the</st
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The sub-committee recommends more c
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General ergonomic problems Particul
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Tractor accidents Accidents resulti
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The sprayer operator’s exposure t
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Pesticides and cancer 96 th
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Studies of frequency of cancer Repr
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Neurotoxicity Immunotoxicity and se
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Population studies 102 • Long-ter
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Other risk groups
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106 tomat salat kinakål kartofler
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Calculation of pesticide intake <st
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The Danes’ dietary pattern Reduct
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Estimated intake from</stro
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Table 6.4 Estimated pesticide intak
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Variation in daily intake of pestic
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Endosulfan = Endosulfan Methidathio
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Limit values Authorisation of pesti
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Analytical studies: case control st
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Cancer Mechanism behind the
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Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity in chil
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128 6.2.7 Conclusions There is insu
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130 • It cannot be proven on <str
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132 Danish products. There are big
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134
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Definition of proportionality Heavy
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Tropospheric ozone Veterinary drugs
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140 effect that can be expected per
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Synthetic pesticid
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144 formulations. Therefore, <stron
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International cooperation 146 be il
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Fuzzy Expert model Expert assessmen
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Setting up a gross list with a view
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Better monitoring of the</s
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154 help in the as
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Impact index for the</stron
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Knowledge-building in the</
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160 In relation to the</str
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Uncertainties and variations 162 A
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164 which is fixed at 0.1 microgram
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166 If the risk as
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Prevention of disease in cereal cro
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Prevention of pest attack in agricu
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172 plants whose ability to establi
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Biobeds Municipal environmental sup
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Malt barley and gushing Direct effe
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Effect of soil treatment on wild pl
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Emissions of greenhouse gases 180 p
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Conclusions concerning environmenta
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Conclusions concerning leaching of
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0+-scenario: almost total phase-out
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Scenarios for forests Weath
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Soil Residues in the</stron
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Impact on the fiel
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- Page 233 and 234: 232 Colborn, T., vom Saal., F.S., S
- Page 235 and 236: 234 Eyer, P. (1995). Neuropsychopat
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- Page 243 and 244: 242 consumption of fossil energy wi
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