Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Database Groundwater monitoring programme GRUMO 4.1 Pesticides in groundwater Denmark’s water supply system is based on pure groundwater, which can be supplied to <strong>the</strong> consumers without treatment. In <strong>the</strong> last few decades, groundwater has been found to be contaminated with industrial chemicals, leachate <strong>from</strong> landfills, nitrate, heavy metals and, lately, pesticides. In 1994, contamination of <strong>the</strong> groundwater in Ejstrupholm with <strong>the</strong> herbicide atrazine led to splash headlines in <strong>the</strong> media. At <strong>the</strong> same time, countrywide analyses showed that pesticides were commonly found in <strong>the</strong> groundwater. New research results also show that even in clayey soil, fissures and cracks <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ice Age enable pesticides to leach down to <strong>the</strong> groundwater relatively quickly. Groundwater quality is one of <strong>the</strong> main elements of Denmark’s environmental legislation. For pesticides, Denmark uses <strong>the</strong> EU’s limit values of 0.1 microgramme per litre water for every substance and 0.5 microgramme per litre water for <strong>the</strong> sum of pesticides, irrespective of <strong>the</strong> nature of <strong>the</strong> substance. Since groundwater is regarded as a basic resource that must be kept free of pollution, <strong>the</strong>se limit values have been set as ”hygienic limit values”. This is fur<strong>the</strong>r supported by <strong>the</strong> fact that <strong>the</strong> groundwater used as drinking water forms over long periods of time. This means that by <strong>the</strong> time pollution can be measured in <strong>the</strong> aquifer itself, it is too late to avert it or control <strong>the</strong> extent of it. In Denmark, groundwater is analysed for pesticides and, in some cases, for degradation products in different contexts: • The Aquatic Environment Plan’s National Groundwater Monitoring Programme, GRUMO • The Aquatic Environment Plan’s Nationwide Monitoring Programme for Agricultural Catchments, LOOP • The water companies’ raw-water monitoring system • Expanded analytical programmes carried out for example by county authorities and water companies. The groundwater monitoring programme (GRUMO) covers 67 monitoring areas spread around <strong>the</strong> country. The areas have been chosen with a view to providing a representative picture of Denmark’s aquifers. In most cases, <strong>the</strong> monitoring areas are situated in regions in which land is predominantly used for farming. Most of <strong>the</strong> areas include an extraction well to a waterworks and 10-20 specially established monitoring wells that characterise <strong>the</strong> main flow pattern of <strong>the</strong> groundwater (Figure 4.1). The samples of water are extracted <strong>from</strong> well screens. A ”well screen” should be understood to mean a closed pipe placed at <strong>the</strong> lower end of <strong>the</strong> groundwater well shaft. The well screen is equipped with slots or similar openings, which, in interaction with a screen pack of filter gravel around <strong>the</strong> well screen, are intended to retain <strong>the</strong> fine particles in <strong>the</strong> soil. The length of <strong>the</strong> well screen can vary so that <strong>the</strong> pumped up water comes <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> depth interval in which <strong>the</strong> well screen is placed. Three types of well screen are used in <strong>the</strong> groundwater monitoring programme: 15
The Nationwide Monitoring Programme for Agricultural Catchments (LOOP) The water companies’ raw water monitoring system 16 point, line and volume monitoring screens. The last-mentioned type is often a waterworks well. In <strong>the</strong> point-monitoring and line-monitoring screens, <strong>the</strong> water samples represent <strong>the</strong> chemistry of <strong>the</strong> water samples at a specific point at a specific time in <strong>the</strong> aquifers examined. The volume-monitoring screens, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, represent mixed water, cf. <strong>the</strong> section on raw-water monitoring. GVS t Indvindingsboring i Hovedmagasin Volumenmoniterende Øvre, sekundært reservoir Overvågningsboring i hovedmagasin Liniemoniterende t Dæklag Vandførende lag Overvågningsboring i Øvre magasin Punktmoniterende t GVS t Overvågningsboring i Øvre magasin Punktmoniterende Figure 4.1 Types of monitoring in <strong>the</strong> monitoring programme. GVS = groundwater table (Figure text: Indvindingsboring i hovedmagasin Volumenmoniterende = Extraction well in main aquifer Volume monitoring Overvågningsboring i hovedmagasin Liniemoniterende = Monitoring well in main aquifer Line monitoring Overvågningsboring i øvre magasin Punktmoniterende = Monitoring well in upper aquifer near <strong>the</strong> limit of <strong>the</strong> catchment area Point monitoring Øvre sekundært reservoir = Upper aquifer GVS = Groundwater table Dæklag = Overburden Vandførende lag = saturated sediments The Nationwide Monitoring Programme for Agricultural Catchments (LOOP) is carried out in five well-defined run-off catchment areas in agricultural regions where farming practice is known. Among o<strong>the</strong>r things, groundwater near <strong>the</strong> surface is monitored, so it is possible to relate leached substances to <strong>the</strong> use of <strong>the</strong> land. However, <strong>the</strong>re are only limited data concerning pesticides <strong>from</strong> LOOP. The raw water monitoring system includes monitoring <strong>the</strong> water <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> water companies’ extraction wells. In many cases, <strong>the</strong> interval in <strong>the</strong> wells <strong>from</strong> which water is extracted is of considerable length, and <strong>the</strong> water can be extracted <strong>from</strong> several separate saturated sediments. A water sample <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> raw water monitoring system is <strong>the</strong>refore often a t
Page 1: The Bichel Committee 1999 R
Page 4 and 5: 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE SUB-COMMITTE
Page 6 and 7: 9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASSESSME
Page 8: 1 Introduction On 15 May 1997 <stro
Page 11 and 12: The President Members 10 Henrik San
Page 13 and 14: Consultants’ reports 12 The sub-c
Page 15: 14 4 Occurrence of pesticides in <s
Page 19 and 20: Counties analyse samples fr
Page 21 and 22: 20 system. However, the</st
Page 23 and 24: 941 110 22 MB 270 31 13 MB 1281 10
Page 25 and 26: Substance Permitte
Page 27 and 28: 26 The distribution of finds of pes
Page 29 and 30: 28 concentrations of up to 11 micro
Page 31 and 32: Table 4.10 Occurrence of pesticides
Page 33 and 34: 32 It will be seen from</st
Page 35 and 36: 34 • The frequency of detection i
Page 37 and 38: 36 Soil water samples containing pe
Page 39 and 40: 38 Bromoxynil 3 n.d. 0.04 54 DNOC 4
Page 41 and 42: 40 concentrations found so far are
Page 43 and 44: 42 mononitrophenols and oth
Page 45 and 46: 44 The main measure used to try to
Page 47 and 48: Models for volatilisation 46 • It
Page 49 and 50: Calculation of the
Page 51 and 52: Processes that remove pesticides <s
Page 53 and 54: 52 atrazine and the</strong
Page 55 and 56: Potential sources of pesticides in
Page 57 and 58: 56 Example 1: IPU dosage 1000 g act
Page 59: 58 completely against future pollut
Page 62 and 63: Exposure of field fauna through tre
Page 64 and 65: Leaf beetles Direct effects of spra
Page 66 and 67:
Indirect effects on mammals and bir
Page 68 and 69:
Birds are particularly interesting
Page 70 and 71:
Importance of headland vegetation t
Page 72 and 73:
Effects of pesticides in forestry A
Page 74 and 75:
Repeated spraying changes t
Page 76 and 77:
Effect on seed production The wild
Page 78 and 79:
Impact on the flor
Page 80 and 81:
• The sub-committee recommends mo
Page 82 and 83:
Effects on primary producers The ef
Page 84 and 85:
Effects on amphibians Unlawful use
Page 86 and 87:
concentrations than the</st
Page 88:
The sub-committee recommends more c
Page 91 and 92:
General ergonomic problems Particul
Page 93 and 94:
Tractor accidents Accidents resulti
Page 95 and 96:
The sprayer operator’s exposure t
Page 97 and 98:
Pesticides and cancer 96 th
Page 99 and 100:
Studies of frequency of cancer Repr
Page 101 and 102:
Neurotoxicity Immunotoxicity and se
Page 103 and 104:
Population studies 102 • Long-ter
Page 105 and 106:
Other risk groups
Page 107 and 108:
106 tomat salat kinakål kartofler
Page 109 and 110:
Calculation of pesticide intake <st
Page 111 and 112:
The Danes’ dietary pattern Reduct
Page 113 and 114:
Estimated intake from</stro
Page 115 and 116:
Table 6.4 Estimated pesticide intak
Page 117 and 118:
Variation in daily intake of pestic
Page 119 and 120:
Endosulfan = Endosulfan Methidathio
Page 121 and 122:
Limit values Authorisation of pesti
Page 123 and 124:
Analytical studies: case control st
Page 125 and 126:
Cancer Mechanism behind the
Page 127 and 128:
Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity in chil
Page 129 and 130:
128 6.2.7 Conclusions There is insu
Page 131 and 132:
130 • It cannot be proven on <str
Page 133 and 134:
132 Danish products. There are big
Page 135 and 136:
134
Page 137 and 138:
Definition of proportionality Heavy
Page 139 and 140:
Tropospheric ozone Veterinary drugs
Page 141 and 142:
140 effect that can be expected per
Page 143 and 144:
Synthetic pesticid
Page 145 and 146:
144 formulations. Therefore, <stron
Page 147 and 148:
International cooperation 146 be il
Page 149 and 150:
Fuzzy Expert model Expert assessmen
Page 151 and 152:
Setting up a gross list with a view
Page 153 and 154:
Better monitoring of the</s
Page 155 and 156:
154 help in the as
Page 157 and 158:
Impact index for the</stron
Page 159 and 160:
Knowledge-building in the</
Page 161 and 162:
160 In relation to the</str
Page 163 and 164:
Uncertainties and variations 162 A
Page 165 and 166:
164 which is fixed at 0.1 microgram
Page 167 and 168:
166 If the risk as
Page 169 and 170:
Prevention of disease in cereal cro
Page 171 and 172:
Prevention of pest attack in agricu
Page 173 and 174:
172 plants whose ability to establi
Page 175 and 176:
Biobeds Municipal environmental sup
Page 177 and 178:
Malt barley and gushing Direct effe
Page 179 and 180:
Effect of soil treatment on wild pl
Page 181 and 182:
Emissions of greenhouse gases 180 p
Page 183 and 184:
Conclusions concerning environmenta
Page 185 and 186:
Conclusions concerning leaching of
Page 187 and 188:
0+-scenario: almost total phase-out
Page 189 and 190:
Scenarios for forests Weath
Page 191 and 192:
Soil Residues in the</stron
Page 193 and 194:
Impact on the fiel
Page 195 and 196:
Earthworms 194 has been carried out
Page 197 and 198:
Assumptions and uncertainties Resul
Page 199 and 200:
Comparison of weed control with and
Page 201 and 202:
Results of calculations with <stron
Page 203 and 204:
202 Scenarier Ingen behandling Plus
Page 205 and 206:
Impacts on the flo
Page 207 and 208:
Results of the mod
Page 209 and 210:
Mechanical weed control 208 Behandl
Page 211 and 212:
The Dane's dietary pattern and dail
Page 213 and 214:
212 11 The sub-committee’s summar
Page 215 and 216:
Conclusion concerning lack of time
Page 217 and 218:
Conclusion concerning impacts on fl
Page 219 and 220:
Conclusions concerning model analys
Page 221 and 222:
Conclusions concerning exposure to
Page 223 and 224:
Conclusion concerning mycotoxins Th
Page 225 and 226:
Ranking with respect to groundwater
Page 227 and 228:
Conclusion concerning emissions of
Page 229 and 230:
Conclusions concerning natural subs
Page 231 and 232:
230 12 References Abell, A., Bonde,
Page 233 and 234:
232 Colborn, T., vom Saal., F.S., S
Page 235 and 236:
234 Eyer, P. (1995). Neuropsychopat
Page 237 and 238:
236 Graae, B.J. (1999). Florest flo
Page 239 and 240:
238 Protection Conference: Pesticid
Page 241 and 242:
240 Lindhardt, B., Sørensen, P.B.,
Page 243 and 244:
242 consumption of fossil energy wi
Page 245 and 246:
244 intoxication. The Pesticide Hea
Page 247 and 248:
246 Underudvalget for Miljø og Sun
Page 249 and 250:
248 Annex 1 Data required for autho
Page 251 and 252:
250 11) Metabolism in animals The s
Page 253 and 254:
252 Annex 2 The general rules for r
Page 255 and 256:
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 25
Page 257:
256 reasonable and usable system fo
show all

Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?