Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

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problems in judging whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> damage is a secondary effect of toxicity to <strong>the</strong> dams. • Impairment of fertility: <strong>Sub</strong>stances that reduce fertility without this being a secondary effect of general toxicity, but where <strong>the</strong> results are unclear. For example, <strong>the</strong> Danish Environmental Protection Agency has classified substances in this group if <strong>the</strong>re have been tests that show that <strong>the</strong> substance inhibits testosterone syn<strong>the</strong>sis or destroys <strong>the</strong> sperm-producing tissue, even though no direct effect has been seen on fertility in a multi-generational test (which is <strong>the</strong> test in which one normally sees effects on fertility). 2.2 O<strong>the</strong>r long-term damage (chronic toxicity) For chronic toxicity, a substance can be classified with <strong>the</strong> phrase R48 (Danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure) if serious long-term effects have been seen. To this, ano<strong>the</strong>r phrase is added, describing partly <strong>the</strong> administration path (swallowing, skin contact or inhalation) where <strong>the</strong> substance caused <strong>the</strong> observed effects and partly <strong>the</strong> dose level. In o<strong>the</strong>r words, <strong>the</strong>re is primarily a qualitative assessment, which leads to a conclusion about whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> long-term effects observed are serious enough for classification. The lowest effective dose (LOAEL = Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level) is <strong>the</strong>n taken into account in <strong>the</strong> final assessment of whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> substance must be classified, since it is a requirement for classification that <strong>the</strong> effects occur at a dose below a specific level. LOAEL is also included in <strong>the</strong> assessment of <strong>the</strong> phrase to be affixed to R48. For example, one can have a classification that is called R48/22: “Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed” or R48/25: “Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed”, with <strong>the</strong> latter indicating a more potent substance than <strong>the</strong> former, both classifications being based on tests in which <strong>the</strong> substance is administered by mouth. When classifying for chronic toxicity, <strong>the</strong> authorities naturally also assess <strong>the</strong> evidence, but <strong>the</strong>re are not differentiated groups for more or less well-documented effects. R48 is a classification that is used in connection with a wide range of long-term effects – for example, anaemia, cataract, reduced immune defence and damage to <strong>the</strong> central nervous system (CNS). In <strong>the</strong> case of CNS, specific studies are not required today because <strong>the</strong>re are no established guidelines in this area. One may see certain signs of CNS damage <strong>from</strong> long-term studies, but cannot determine a specific effect with any certainty. Effects that are not regarded as “serious” and that are <strong>the</strong>refore not classified with R48 include changes in organ weights without signs of functional disturbances, species-specific effects and small changes in biochemical parameters that are of doubtful toxicological significance. A substance can also be classified with R39 (Danger of very serious irreversible effects) if irreversible damage has been observed <strong>from</strong> a single exposure. The classification rules used in Denmark are used throughout <strong>the</strong> EU. The rules are regularly revised and expanded and are regarded as a 255
256 reasonable and usable system for describing <strong>the</strong> inherent toxicological properties of chemical substances. 3 Short-term risk to health Products with moderate and high acute toxicity are classified as Toxic or Very toxic. These classifications include toxicity if swallowed, if in contact with skin or if inhaled. The effects are measured by means of <strong>the</strong> LD50 method (<strong>the</strong> dose that kills 50% of <strong>the</strong> animals when administered by <strong>the</strong> path in question). The Executive Order on Pesticides includes minimum limits for LD50 for classification as Harmful, Toxic or Very Toxic for both solids and liquids. Caustic products are classified with R34 (Causes burns). If <strong>the</strong> substance is not caustic but still causes serious eye damage, it is classified with R41 (Risk of serious damage to eyes).
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The Bichel Committee 1999 R
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1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE SUB-COMMITTE
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9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASSESSME
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1 Introduction On 15 May 1997 <stro
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The President Members 10 Henrik San
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Consultants’ reports 12 The sub-c
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14 4 Occurrence of pesticides in <s
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The Nationwide Monitoring Programme
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Counties analyse samples fr
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20 system. However, the</st
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941 110 22 MB 270 31 13 MB 1281 10
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Substance Permitte
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26 The distribution of finds of pes
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28 concentrations of up to 11 micro
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Table 4.10 Occurrence of pesticides
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32 It will be seen from</st
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34 • The frequency of detection i
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36 Soil water samples containing pe
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38 Bromoxynil 3 n.d. 0.04 54 DNOC 4
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40 concentrations found so far are
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42 mononitrophenols and oth
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44 The main measure used to try to
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Models for volatilisation 46 • It
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Calculation of the
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Processes that remove pesticides <s
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52 atrazine and the</strong
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Potential sources of pesticides in
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56 Example 1: IPU dosage 1000 g act
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58 completely against future pollut
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Exposure of field fauna through tre
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Leaf beetles Direct effects of spra
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Indirect effects on mammals and bir
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Birds are particularly interesting
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Importance of headland vegetation t
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Effects of pesticides in forestry A
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Repeated spraying changes t
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Effect on seed production The wild
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Impact on the flor
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• The sub-committee recommends mo
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Effects on primary producers The ef
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Effects on amphibians Unlawful use
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concentrations than the</st
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The sub-committee recommends more c
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General ergonomic problems Particul
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Tractor accidents Accidents resulti
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The sprayer operator’s exposure t
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Pesticides and cancer 96 th
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Studies of frequency of cancer Repr
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Neurotoxicity Immunotoxicity and se
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Population studies 102 • Long-ter
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Other risk groups
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106 tomat salat kinakål kartofler
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Calculation of pesticide intake <st
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The Danes’ dietary pattern Reduct
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Estimated intake from</stro
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Table 6.4 Estimated pesticide intak
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Variation in daily intake of pestic
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Endosulfan = Endosulfan Methidathio
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Limit values Authorisation of pesti
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Analytical studies: case control st
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Cancer Mechanism behind the
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Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity in chil
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128 6.2.7 Conclusions There is insu
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130 • It cannot be proven on <str
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132 Danish products. There are big
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134
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Definition of proportionality Heavy
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Tropospheric ozone Veterinary drugs
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140 effect that can be expected per
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Synthetic pesticid
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144 formulations. Therefore, <stron
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International cooperation 146 be il
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Fuzzy Expert model Expert assessmen
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Setting up a gross list with a view
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Better monitoring of the</s
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154 help in the as
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Impact index for the</stron
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Knowledge-building in the</
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160 In relation to the</str
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Uncertainties and variations 162 A
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164 which is fixed at 0.1 microgram
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166 If the risk as
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Prevention of disease in cereal cro
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Prevention of pest attack in agricu
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172 plants whose ability to establi
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Biobeds Municipal environmental sup
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Malt barley and gushing Direct effe
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Effect of soil treatment on wild pl
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Emissions of greenhouse gases 180 p
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Conclusions concerning environmenta
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Conclusions concerning leaching of
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0+-scenario: almost total phase-out
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Scenarios for forests Weath
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Soil Residues in the</stron
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Impact on the fiel
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Earthworms 194 has been carried out
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Assumptions and uncertainties Resul
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Comparison of weed control with and
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Results of calculations with <stron
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202 Scenarier Ingen behandling Plus
Page 205 and 206: Impacts on the flo
Page 207 and 208: Results of the mod
Page 209 and 210: Mechanical weed control 208 Behandl
Page 211 and 212: The Dane's dietary pattern and dail
Page 213 and 214: 212 11 The sub-committee’s summar
Page 215 and 216: Conclusion concerning lack of time
Page 217 and 218: Conclusion concerning impacts on fl
Page 219 and 220: Conclusions concerning model analys
Page 221 and 222: Conclusions concerning exposure to
Page 223 and 224: Conclusion concerning mycotoxins Th
Page 225 and 226: Ranking with respect to groundwater
Page 227 and 228: Conclusion concerning emissions of
Page 229 and 230: Conclusions concerning natural subs
Page 231 and 232: 230 12 References Abell, A., Bonde,
Page 233 and 234: 232 Colborn, T., vom Saal., F.S., S
Page 235 and 236: 234 Eyer, P. (1995). Neuropsychopat
Page 237 and 238: 236 Graae, B.J. (1999). Florest flo
Page 239 and 240: 238 Protection Conference: Pesticid
Page 241 and 242: 240 Lindhardt, B., Sørensen, P.B.,
Page 243 and 244: 242 consumption of fossil energy wi
Page 245 and 246: 244 intoxication. The Pesticide Hea
Page 247 and 248: 246 Underudvalget for Miljø og Sun
Page 249 and 250: 248 Annex 1 Data required for autho
Page 251 and 252: 250 11) Metabolism in animals The s
Page 253 and 254: 252 Annex 2 The general rules for r
Page 255: Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 25
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