Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

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1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE SUB-COMMITTEE’S MANDATE AND COMPOSITION 9 2.1 The sub-committee’s mandate and scenarios for phasing out pesticides 9 2.2 Composition of <strong>the</strong> sub-committee 9 3 DEFINITION OF THE WORK 11 4 OCCURRENCE OF PESTICIDES IN THE ENVIRONMENT 14 4.1 Pesticides in groundwater 15 4.1.2 Conclusions 25 4.2 Occurrence of pesticides in watercourses 26 4.2.1 Conclusions 33 4.3 Pesticides in lakes and ponds 34 4.3.1 Conclusions 35 4.4 Pesticides in drain and soil water 35 4.4.1 Conclusions 38 4.5 Pesticides in rainwater 39 4.5.1 Conclusions 41 4.6 Exposure pathways 42 4.6.1 Surface run-off 42 4.6.2 Conclusions 44 4.6.3 Spray drift 44 4.6.4 Conclusions 45 4.6.5 Volatilisation 46 4.6.6 Conclusions 48 4.6.7 Degradation and leaching of pesticides 49 4.6.8 Conclusions 53 4.6.9 Pollution <strong>from</strong> filling and washing sites 53 4.6.10 Conclusions 56 4.7 The sub-committee’s conclusions and recommendations 56 5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 60 5.1 Impact of pesticides on <strong>the</strong> fauna in cultivated and uncultivated terrestrial ecosystems 61 5.1.1 Conclusions 71 5.2 Effect on <strong>the</strong> flora in cultivated and uncultivated terrestrial ecosystems 73 5.2.1 Conclusions 78 5.3 Impacts on flora and fauna in watercourses, lakes and coastal waters 79 5.3.1 Conclusions 84 3
4 5.4 The sub-committee’s conclusions and recommendations concerning environmental impacts 85 6 EXPOSURE OF HUMANS AND HEALTH EFFECTS 89 6.1 Exposure of, and effects on, agricultural workers 89 6.1.1 Introduction 89 6.1.2 Accidents and injuries 91 6.1.3 Work-related factors with pesticides and mechanical methods 94 6.1.4 Risk of cancer 96 6.1.5 O<strong>the</strong>r effects 98 6.1.6 Conclusions 101 6.2 Exposure and effects on <strong>the</strong> population 102 6.2.1 Use and risk groups 102 6.2.2 Risk population and individual vulnerability 103 6.2.3 Exposure of <strong>the</strong> population 104 6.2.4 Calculations of <strong>the</strong> population’s intake of pesticides 110 6.2.5 Determination of <strong>the</strong> effects of pesticides on <strong>the</strong> population 119 6.2.6 Long-term effects of low-dose exposure 123 6.2.7 Conclusions 128 6.3 Poisoning caused by pesticides 130 6.3.1 Conclusions 131 6.4 The sub-committee’s conclusions and recommendations 131 6.4.1 The sub-committee’s recommendations 132 7 COFORMULANTS AND OTHER CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES, INCLUDING SUBSTANCES OCCURRING NATURALLY IN AGRICULTURE 135 7.1 Coformulants in pesticides 135 7.2 Proportionality: <strong>the</strong> chemical impact in agriculture 136 7.2.1 Chemical substances in agriculture 136 7.2.2 Chemical substances in food products 139 7.3 Natural substances 140 7.4 The sub-committee’s conclusions and recommendations 142 8 IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY HARMFUL AND DANGEROUS PESTICIDES, AND OPERATIONALISATION OF THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE 145 8.1 Ranking of environmentally harmful and dangerous pesticides 145 8.1.1 Risk of groundwater pollution 146 8.1.2 Impacts on <strong>the</strong> environment 155 8.1.3 Effects inhealth 156 8.1.4 The sub-committee’s conclusions and recommendations 157 8.2 Precautionary principle and risk 159 8.2.1 Approaches to <strong>the</strong> precautionary principle 161 8.2.2 Groundwater and drinking water as a case 163 8.2.3 The sub-committee’s conclusions and recommendations 165
Page 1: The Bichel Committee 1999 R
Page 6 and 7: 9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASSESSME
Page 8: 1 Introduction On 15 May 1997 <stro
Page 11 and 12: The President Members 10 Henrik San
Page 13 and 14: Consultants’ reports 12 The sub-c
Page 15 and 16: 14 4 Occurrence of pesticides in <s
Page 17 and 18: The Nationwide Monitoring Programme
Page 19 and 20: Counties analyse samples fr
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Page 25 and 26: Substance Permitte
Page 27 and 28: 26 The distribution of finds of pes
Page 29 and 30: 28 concentrations of up to 11 micro
Page 31 and 32: Table 4.10 Occurrence of pesticides
Page 33 and 34: 32 It will be seen from</st
Page 35 and 36: 34 • The frequency of detection i
Page 37 and 38: 36 Soil water samples containing pe
Page 39 and 40: 38 Bromoxynil 3 n.d. 0.04 54 DNOC 4
Page 41 and 42: 40 concentrations found so far are
Page 43 and 44: 42 mononitrophenols and oth
Page 45 and 46: 44 The main measure used to try to
Page 47 and 48: Models for volatilisation 46 • It
Page 49 and 50: Calculation of the
Page 51 and 52: Processes that remove pesticides <s
Page 53 and 54: 52 atrazine and the</strong
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Potential sources of pesticides in
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56 Example 1: IPU dosage 1000 g act
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58 completely against future pollut
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Exposure of field fauna through tre
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Leaf beetles Direct effects of spra
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Indirect effects on mammals and bir
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Birds are particularly interesting
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Importance of headland vegetation t
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Effects of pesticides in forestry A
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Repeated spraying changes t
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Effect on seed production The wild
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Impact on the flor
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• The sub-committee recommends mo
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Effects on primary producers The ef
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Effects on amphibians Unlawful use
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concentrations than the</st
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The sub-committee recommends more c
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General ergonomic problems Particul
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Tractor accidents Accidents resulti
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The sprayer operator’s exposure t
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Pesticides and cancer 96 th
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Studies of frequency of cancer Repr
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Neurotoxicity Immunotoxicity and se
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Population studies 102 • Long-ter
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Other risk groups
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106 tomat salat kinakål kartofler
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Calculation of pesticide intake <st
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The Danes’ dietary pattern Reduct
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Estimated intake from</stro
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Table 6.4 Estimated pesticide intak
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Variation in daily intake of pestic
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Endosulfan = Endosulfan Methidathio
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Limit values Authorisation of pesti
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Analytical studies: case control st
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Cancer Mechanism behind the
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Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity in chil
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128 6.2.7 Conclusions There is insu
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130 • It cannot be proven on <str
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132 Danish products. There are big
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134
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Definition of proportionality Heavy
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Tropospheric ozone Veterinary drugs
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140 effect that can be expected per
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Synthetic pesticid
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144 formulations. Therefore, <stron
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International cooperation 146 be il
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Fuzzy Expert model Expert assessmen
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Setting up a gross list with a view
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Better monitoring of the</s
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154 help in the as
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Impact index for the</stron
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Knowledge-building in the</
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160 In relation to the</str
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Uncertainties and variations 162 A
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164 which is fixed at 0.1 microgram
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166 If the risk as
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Prevention of disease in cereal cro
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Prevention of pest attack in agricu
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172 plants whose ability to establi
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Biobeds Municipal environmental sup
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Malt barley and gushing Direct effe
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Effect of soil treatment on wild pl
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Emissions of greenhouse gases 180 p
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Conclusions concerning environmenta
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Conclusions concerning leaching of
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0+-scenario: almost total phase-out
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Scenarios for forests Weath
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Soil Residues in the</stron
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Impact on the fiel
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Earthworms 194 has been carried out
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Assumptions and uncertainties Resul
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Comparison of weed control with and
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Results of calculations with <stron
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202 Scenarier Ingen behandling Plus
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Impacts on the flo
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Results of the mod
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Mechanical weed control 208 Behandl
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The Dane's dietary pattern and dail
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212 11 The sub-committee’s summar
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Conclusion concerning lack of time
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Conclusion concerning impacts on fl
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Conclusions concerning model analys
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Conclusions concerning exposure to
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Conclusion concerning mycotoxins Th
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Ranking with respect to groundwater
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Conclusion concerning emissions of
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Conclusions concerning natural subs
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230 12 References Abell, A., Bonde,
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232 Colborn, T., vom Saal., F.S., S
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234 Eyer, P. (1995). Neuropsychopat
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236 Graae, B.J. (1999). Florest flo
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238 Protection Conference: Pesticid
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240 Lindhardt, B., Sørensen, P.B.,
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242 consumption of fossil energy wi
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244 intoxication. The Pesticide Hea
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246 Underudvalget for Miljø og Sun
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248 Annex 1 Data required for autho
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250 11) Metabolism in animals The s
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252 Annex 2 The general rules for r
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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 25
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256 reasonable and usable system fo
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