Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

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++scenario: reduced use of pesticides Treatment frequency index in <strong>the</strong> five scenarios • chemical control of couch grass in 1 out of 10 years, combined with mechanical control • controlling poisonous weed species such as spring groundsel in greenfeed • combating aphids when <strong>the</strong> damage threshold has been exceeded in cereals and peas • combating snails and flea beetles in rape when <strong>the</strong> damage threshold has been exceeded • combating clover weevil in clover seed production • combating diseases and pests in fruit production, assessed on <strong>the</strong> basis of <strong>the</strong> level of attack • combating diseases and pests in vegetables, assessed on <strong>the</strong> basis of <strong>the</strong> level of attack • for desiccation and prevention and control of fungi in garden seed crops. In <strong>the</strong> third scenario with reduced use of pesticides, serious economic losses <strong>from</strong> pests are not envisaged. Production is similar to present production. The scenario is based on a proposal <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, which considered in 1996 that <strong>the</strong>re was a realistic possibility of reducing <strong>the</strong> treatment frequency index without that affecting present farm-level economy. In this scenario it is assumed that all available damage thresholds are used, toge<strong>the</strong>r with mechanical weed control, where <strong>the</strong>se methods can compete with chemical methods. A crop rotation very similar to that practised today can be expected, with economic optimisation but also optimisation with respect to minimising use of pesticides. The 1994 treatment frequency index (Environmental Protection Agency 1995b) has been chosen as <strong>the</strong> index in present production. Figure 10.1 shows <strong>the</strong> expected treatment frequency index in <strong>the</strong> different scenarios as a national average for agricultural land. Scenarier Plus-plus Plus Nul-plus Nul Nudrift (1994) �� 0,05 0,00 0,50 1,73 �� 2,51 0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00 Behandlingshyppighed Figure 10.1 The treatment frequency index in present production and <strong>the</strong> four scenarios. The 1994 treatment frequency index is used as <strong>the</strong> index in present production. 187
Scenarios for forests Wea<strong>the</strong>r and climate play an important role in groundwater pollution 0-scenario 188 (Figure texts: Scenarier = scenarios Plus-plus = ++scenario Plus = +scenario Nul-plus = 0+scenario Nul = 0-scenario Nudrift = present production Behandlingshyppighed = Treatment frequency index) The following definitions are used in <strong>the</strong> assessment of <strong>the</strong> effects in forests in 10.3.1 and 10.3.2: • 0-scenario: No use of pesticides in forestry • 0+scenario: No use of pesticides in forestry, but pest control in nurseries is exempted in <strong>the</strong> case of production for export, where <strong>the</strong> product cannot be supplied without risk of pests or diseases. • + and ++scenarios: Use of pesticides in forestry permitted if not using <strong>the</strong>m would mean that production could not be maintained, and greatest possible consideration for <strong>the</strong> environment. In reality that means that all groups of pesticides may be used in nurseries where <strong>the</strong>y cannot reasonably be replaced by mechanical or biological control and that insecticides may be used when necessary in Christmas tree and ornamental greenery production. 10.2 Pollution and exposure of different compartments 10.2.1 Pesticides in groundwater All else being equal, reduced use of pesticides would reduce <strong>the</strong> source of groundwater pollution. Groundwater pollution depends on a complicated interaction between a number of factors that are essentially stochastic (random), since wea<strong>the</strong>r and climate play a decisive role. These factors and <strong>the</strong> interaction between <strong>the</strong>m include, particularly: • <strong>the</strong> spraying time in relation to <strong>the</strong> plant cover and precipitation events • <strong>the</strong> degradation conditions in <strong>the</strong> soil, which are in turn governed by <strong>the</strong> temperature and moisture • <strong>the</strong> physical properties of <strong>the</strong> geological formations, including water penetrability and any fissures or macropores • water transport in <strong>the</strong> groundwater zone. In <strong>the</strong> longer term, <strong>the</strong> 0-scenario means that pesticides will no longer be detected in <strong>the</strong> groundwater. The time that takes will depend on <strong>the</strong> local geological conditions, <strong>the</strong> degradation of pesticides already in <strong>the</strong> soil strata and, lastly, <strong>the</strong> movements of <strong>the</strong> groundwater. The available geological data describing <strong>the</strong> spatial extent of <strong>the</strong> soil strata and <strong>the</strong> movements of <strong>the</strong> groundwater are insufficiently detailed. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, <strong>the</strong>re is a lack of knowledge about <strong>the</strong> sorption and degradation of pesticides in <strong>the</strong> very long term in <strong>the</strong> concentrations occurring in groundwater. It is <strong>the</strong>refore not possible, ei<strong>the</strong>r nationally or locally, to calculate when <strong>the</strong> present and future pollution of <strong>the</strong> groundwater will
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The Bichel Committee 1999 R
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1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE SUB-COMMITTE
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9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASSESSME
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1 Introduction On 15 May 1997 <stro
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The President Members 10 Henrik San
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Consultants’ reports 12 The sub-c
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14 4 Occurrence of pesticides in <s
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The Nationwide Monitoring Programme
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Counties analyse samples fr
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20 system. However, the</st
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941 110 22 MB 270 31 13 MB 1281 10
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Substance Permitte
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26 The distribution of finds of pes
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28 concentrations of up to 11 micro
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Table 4.10 Occurrence of pesticides
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32 It will be seen from</st
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34 • The frequency of detection i
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36 Soil water samples containing pe
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38 Bromoxynil 3 n.d. 0.04 54 DNOC 4
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40 concentrations found so far are
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42 mononitrophenols and oth
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44 The main measure used to try to
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Models for volatilisation 46 • It
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Calculation of the
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Processes that remove pesticides <s
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52 atrazine and the</strong
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Potential sources of pesticides in
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56 Example 1: IPU dosage 1000 g act
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58 completely against future pollut
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Exposure of field fauna through tre
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Leaf beetles Direct effects of spra
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Indirect effects on mammals and bir
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Birds are particularly interesting
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Importance of headland vegetation t
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Effects of pesticides in forestry A
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Repeated spraying changes t
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Effect on seed production The wild
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Impact on the flor
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• The sub-committee recommends mo
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Effects on primary producers The ef
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Effects on amphibians Unlawful use
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concentrations than the</st
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The sub-committee recommends more c
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General ergonomic problems Particul
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Tractor accidents Accidents resulti
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The sprayer operator’s exposure t
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Pesticides and cancer 96 th
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Studies of frequency of cancer Repr
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Neurotoxicity Immunotoxicity and se
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Population studies 102 • Long-ter
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Other risk groups
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106 tomat salat kinakål kartofler
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Calculation of pesticide intake <st
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The Danes’ dietary pattern Reduct
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Estimated intake from</stro
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Table 6.4 Estimated pesticide intak
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Variation in daily intake of pestic
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Endosulfan = Endosulfan Methidathio
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Limit values Authorisation of pesti
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Analytical studies: case control st
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Cancer Mechanism behind the
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Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity in chil
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128 6.2.7 Conclusions There is insu
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130 • It cannot be proven on <str
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132 Danish products. There are big
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134
Page 137 and 138: Definition of proportionality Heavy
Page 139 and 140: Tropospheric ozone Veterinary drugs
Page 141 and 142: 140 effect that can be expected per
Page 143 and 144: Synthetic pesticid
Page 145 and 146: 144 formulations. Therefore, <stron
Page 147 and 148: International cooperation 146 be il
Page 149 and 150: Fuzzy Expert model Expert assessmen
Page 151 and 152: Setting up a gross list with a view
Page 153 and 154: Better monitoring of the</s
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Page 157 and 158: Impact index for the</stron
Page 159 and 160: Knowledge-building in the</
Page 161 and 162: 160 In relation to the</str
Page 163 and 164: Uncertainties and variations 162 A
Page 165 and 166: 164 which is fixed at 0.1 microgram
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Page 169 and 170: Prevention of disease in cereal cro
Page 171 and 172: Prevention of pest attack in agricu
Page 173 and 174: 172 plants whose ability to establi
Page 175 and 176: Biobeds Municipal environmental sup
Page 177 and 178: Malt barley and gushing Direct effe
Page 179 and 180: Effect of soil treatment on wild pl
Page 181 and 182: Emissions of greenhouse gases 180 p
Page 183 and 184: Conclusions concerning environmenta
Page 185 and 186: Conclusions concerning leaching of
Page 187: 0+-scenario: almost total phase-out
Page 191 and 192: Soil Residues in the</stron
Page 193 and 194: Impact on the fiel
Page 195 and 196: Earthworms 194 has been carried out
Page 197 and 198: Assumptions and uncertainties Resul
Page 199 and 200: Comparison of weed control with and
Page 201 and 202: Results of calculations with <stron
Page 203 and 204: 202 Scenarier Ingen behandling Plus
Page 205 and 206: Impacts on the flo
Page 207 and 208: Results of the mod
Page 209 and 210: Mechanical weed control 208 Behandl
Page 211 and 212: The Dane's dietary pattern and dail
Page 213 and 214: 212 11 The sub-committee’s summar
Page 215 and 216: Conclusion concerning lack of time
Page 217 and 218: Conclusion concerning impacts on fl
Page 219 and 220: Conclusions concerning model analys
Page 221 and 222: Conclusions concerning exposure to
Page 223 and 224: Conclusion concerning mycotoxins Th
Page 225 and 226: Ranking with respect to groundwater
Page 227 and 228: Conclusion concerning emissions of
Page 229 and 230: Conclusions concerning natural subs
Page 231 and 232: 230 12 References Abell, A., Bonde,
Page 233 and 234: 232 Colborn, T., vom Saal., F.S., S
Page 235 and 236: 234 Eyer, P. (1995). Neuropsychopat
Page 237 and 238: 236 Graae, B.J. (1999). Florest flo
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238 Protection Conference: Pesticid
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240 Lindhardt, B., Sørensen, P.B.,
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242 consumption of fossil energy wi
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244 intoxication. The Pesticide Hea
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246 Underudvalget for Miljø og Sun
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248 Annex 1 Data required for autho
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250 11) Metabolism in animals The s
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252 Annex 2 The general rules for r
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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 25
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256 reasonable and usable system fo
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