Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

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2 The sub-committee’s mandate and composition 2.1 The sub-committee’s mandate and scenarios for phasing out pesticides According to its mandate, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Sub</strong>-committee on Environment and Health, working on <strong>the</strong> basis of <strong>the</strong> above-mentioned cultivation systems, was to evaluate <strong>the</strong> environmental consequences of a total or partial phase-out of pesticides. In its evaluation, <strong>the</strong> sub-committee was to consider <strong>the</strong> effects on groundwater as a resource for <strong>the</strong> population and <strong>the</strong> natural environment, surface water as a resource for flora and fauna, and <strong>the</strong> terrestrial ecosystems in agriculture and forestry as a resource for flora and fauna. In its evaluation of <strong>the</strong> health consequences, <strong>the</strong> sub-committee was to include <strong>the</strong> effects of pesticides on <strong>the</strong> people using <strong>the</strong>m and <strong>the</strong> effects of using <strong>the</strong> proposed cultivation systems. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, <strong>the</strong> subcommittee was not required to consider <strong>the</strong> health and environmental aspects of <strong>the</strong> industrial production of pesticides. In its work, <strong>the</strong> sub-committee was to analyse <strong>the</strong> following scenarios in relation to present production practice: • A total phase-out of pesticides (<strong>the</strong> 0-scenario). This scenario is described as a reference situation, and <strong>the</strong> environmental and health consequences of a total phase-out were to be compared with <strong>the</strong> present situation. • Use of pesticides only for pests covered by <strong>the</strong> quarantine laws (<strong>the</strong> 0+scenario). In this scenario, pesticides would be used to comply with specific requirements concerning purity or for controlling pests defined in orders <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Plant Department. • Use of pesticides in crops with serious losses (<strong>the</strong> +scenario). In this scenario, pesticides would only be used for limited areas in which large yield losses could be expected or where production of specific crops could not be maintained. The scenario also covers <strong>the</strong> 0+scenario’s areas. • Reduction of pesticide consumption to a level without yield losses (<strong>the</strong> ++scenario). In this scenario, use would be made of all available technical and cultivation methods that reduce <strong>the</strong> use of pesticides without significant economic losses. The scenario covers <strong>the</strong> areas of <strong>the</strong> 0+scenario and <strong>the</strong> +scenario and is based in part on <strong>the</strong> principle of integrated prevention and control. 2.2 Composition of <strong>the</strong> sub-committee The sub-committee had <strong>the</strong> following members: 9
The President Members 10 Henrik Sandbech, Director General, National Environmental Research Institute (DMU) Professor Poul Bjerregård, Odense University Dr. Hans Løkke, Director of Research Department, National Environmental Research Institute (DMU) Dr. Agro. Arne Helweg, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences (DIAS) Dr. Erik Thomsen, Government Geologist, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Dr. Ib Knudsen, Executive Director, Veterinary and Food Administration (VFA) Dr. Ole Ladefoged, veterinarian, VFA Dr. Lars Ovesen, Head of Division, VFA Professor Finn Bro-Rasmussen, Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Dr. Ib Johnsen, Institute of Botany, Organic Department, University of Copenhagen Dr. Peter Jantzen, The National Board of Health (retired <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> subcommittee in January 1998) Elle Laursen, Deputy Superintendent, The National Board of Health (joined <strong>the</strong> sub-committee in January 1998) Sonja Plough Jensen, Principal, Danish Working Environment Authority (WEA) (retired <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> sub-committee in January 1998) Kjeld Mann Nielsen, Special Consultant, WEA (joined <strong>the</strong> subcommittee in January 1998, retired in December 1998) Bent Horn Andersen, Special Consultant, WEA (joined <strong>the</strong> subcommittee in December 1998) In addition, Claus Vangsgård, M.Sc., Association of Danish Waterworks, participated in some of <strong>the</strong> sub-committee’s meetings. The secretariat comprised Dr. Kaj Juhl Madsen, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Lise Nistrup Jørgensen, Senior Scientist, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, and Anne Marie Linderstrøm, Head of Section, Danish Environmental Protection Agency. The sub-committee’s report was edited by Hans Løkke, Director of Research Department, National Environmental Research Institute, and Birgit Nygaard Sørensen, Executive Secretary, National Environmental Research Institute, took care of <strong>the</strong> layout and writing of <strong>the</strong> report.
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Page 4 and 5: 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE SUB-COMMITTE
Page 6 and 7: 9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASSESSME
Page 8: 1 Introduction On 15 May 1997 <stro
Page 13 and 14: Consultants’ reports 12 The sub-c
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Page 17 and 18: The Nationwide Monitoring Programme
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Page 25 and 26: Substance Permitte
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Page 31 and 32: Table 4.10 Occurrence of pesticides
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58 completely against future pollut
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Exposure of field fauna through tre
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Leaf beetles Direct effects of spra
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Indirect effects on mammals and bir
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Birds are particularly interesting
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Importance of headland vegetation t
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Effects of pesticides in forestry A
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Repeated spraying changes t
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Effect on seed production The wild
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Impact on the flor
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• The sub-committee recommends mo
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Effects on primary producers The ef
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Effects on amphibians Unlawful use
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concentrations than the</st
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The sub-committee recommends more c
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General ergonomic problems Particul
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Tractor accidents Accidents resulti
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The sprayer operator’s exposure t
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Pesticides and cancer 96 th
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Studies of frequency of cancer Repr
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Neurotoxicity Immunotoxicity and se
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Population studies 102 • Long-ter
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Other risk groups
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106 tomat salat kinakål kartofler
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Calculation of pesticide intake <st
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The Danes’ dietary pattern Reduct
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Estimated intake from</stro
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Table 6.4 Estimated pesticide intak
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Variation in daily intake of pestic
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Endosulfan = Endosulfan Methidathio
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Limit values Authorisation of pesti
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Analytical studies: case control st
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Cancer Mechanism behind the
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Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity in chil
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128 6.2.7 Conclusions There is insu
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130 • It cannot be proven on <str
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132 Danish products. There are big
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134
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Definition of proportionality Heavy
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Tropospheric ozone Veterinary drugs
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140 effect that can be expected per
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Synthetic pesticid
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144 formulations. Therefore, <stron
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International cooperation 146 be il
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Fuzzy Expert model Expert assessmen
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Setting up a gross list with a view
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Better monitoring of the</s
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154 help in the as
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Impact index for the</stron
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Knowledge-building in the</
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160 In relation to the</str
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Uncertainties and variations 162 A
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164 which is fixed at 0.1 microgram
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166 If the risk as
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Prevention of disease in cereal cro
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Prevention of pest attack in agricu
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172 plants whose ability to establi
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Biobeds Municipal environmental sup
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Malt barley and gushing Direct effe
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Effect of soil treatment on wild pl
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Emissions of greenhouse gases 180 p
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Conclusions concerning environmenta
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Conclusions concerning leaching of
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0+-scenario: almost total phase-out
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Scenarios for forests Weath
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Soil Residues in the</stron
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Impact on the fiel
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Earthworms 194 has been carried out
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Assumptions and uncertainties Resul
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Comparison of weed control with and
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Results of calculations with <stron
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202 Scenarier Ingen behandling Plus
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Impacts on the flo
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Results of the mod
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Mechanical weed control 208 Behandl
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The Dane's dietary pattern and dail
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212 11 The sub-committee’s summar
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Conclusion concerning lack of time
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Conclusion concerning impacts on fl
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Conclusions concerning model analys
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Conclusions concerning exposure to
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Conclusion concerning mycotoxins Th
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Ranking with respect to groundwater
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Conclusion concerning emissions of
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Conclusions concerning natural subs
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230 12 References Abell, A., Bonde,
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232 Colborn, T., vom Saal., F.S., S
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234 Eyer, P. (1995). Neuropsychopat
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236 Graae, B.J. (1999). Florest flo
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238 Protection Conference: Pesticid
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240 Lindhardt, B., Sørensen, P.B.,
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242 consumption of fossil energy wi
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244 intoxication. The Pesticide Hea
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246 Underudvalget for Miljø og Sun
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248 Annex 1 Data required for autho
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250 11) Metabolism in animals The s
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252 Annex 2 The general rules for r
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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 25
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256 reasonable and usable system fo
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Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

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