Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Conclusion concerning impacts on soil organisms in <strong>the</strong> various scenarios Conclusions concerning impacts on farmland birds in <strong>the</strong> various scenarios Conclusion concerning analyses of changes in <strong>the</strong> quantity of seed <strong>from</strong> plants in <strong>the</strong> field in different scenarios fungivorous insect fauna would increase for a time by a factor of 1-2.5. If treatment with insecticides were omitted, <strong>the</strong> insect fauna would increase by a factor of 2-4. The effect of fungicides and insecticides is often shorter than <strong>the</strong> effect of herbicides because <strong>the</strong> elimination of weed affects <strong>the</strong> fauna all through <strong>the</strong> season. The sub-committee has assessed <strong>the</strong> scenario analyses for springtails and earthworms, since <strong>the</strong>se are <strong>the</strong> only groups of soil organisms for which sufficient data are available (see chapter 10). It can be concluded that <strong>the</strong> population density of nei<strong>the</strong>r springtails nor earthworms is affected by <strong>the</strong> pesticides authorised in Denmark, and used in <strong>the</strong> scenario for present production, but that it is affected by crop rotation, soil treatment, fertilisation and any second crops. Scenarios that include increased use of manure and clover grass would benefit <strong>the</strong>se groups of organisms. The sub-committee concludes <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> scenario analyses carried out (see chapter 10) that <strong>the</strong> populations of partridge, whitethroat and yellowhammer would increase in all scenarios in relation to present production and that all <strong>the</strong> scenarios show a significantly increased population density for <strong>the</strong>se species. This applies to <strong>the</strong> 0-scenario, <strong>the</strong> +scenario and <strong>the</strong> ++scenario. For <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r species, <strong>the</strong> index would be unaffected by <strong>the</strong> use of pesticides, compared with present production. Since <strong>the</strong> direct toxic effects on birds today are insignificant (see section 5.1), it is <strong>the</strong> indirect impacts that would be important, e.g. changes in <strong>the</strong> birds’ food resources. In this connection, it makes no difference to <strong>the</strong> birds whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>ir food resources are removed by means of pesticides or by mechanical or o<strong>the</strong>r methods. Inter-row cultivation and harrowing could constitute a risk to ground-nesting species. Similarly, early and/or more extensive soil preparation in <strong>the</strong> autumn would very probably have considerable, adverse effects on <strong>the</strong> birds because stubble fields are a very important foraging area for many species in <strong>the</strong> autumn months. For all <strong>the</strong> species except partridge and, to some extent, whitethroat, <strong>the</strong> analyses show a significantly larger number in <strong>the</strong> organic scenario than in <strong>the</strong> 0-scenario because of <strong>the</strong> difference in crop rotation. However, <strong>the</strong> crop rotations used are based on organic farms as <strong>the</strong>y were in <strong>the</strong> 1980s, when <strong>the</strong> forms of operation and land use differed <strong>from</strong> present-day organic farming. From <strong>the</strong> results of analyses with two different models, <strong>the</strong> subcommittee concludes that <strong>the</strong>re could be an improvement in <strong>the</strong> conditions for wild plants and those animal species that depend on <strong>the</strong>m as a food resource in all <strong>the</strong> scenarios without <strong>the</strong> number of wild plants growing out of control provided mechanical weed control and limited chemical control were used. In <strong>the</strong> +scenario, a number of wild plant species could occur with greater frequency in crop rotations with ei<strong>the</strong>r beets or rape. A more varied plant community could <strong>the</strong>refore be expected, providing food resources for a more diversified animal community (invertebrates and <strong>the</strong>ir predators). However, in view of <strong>the</strong> poor competitiveness of beets, this crop rotation would hardly be profitable unless new, alternative methods were found for controlling weed in beet crops. For <strong>the</strong> crop rotation with rape, <strong>the</strong> analyses show that <strong>the</strong>re would be a marked fall in <strong>the</strong> number of seeds in <strong>the</strong> seed pool after 25 years, compared with <strong>the</strong> situation in present production after 25 217
Conclusions concerning model analyses of <strong>the</strong> impacts on ponds Conclusions concerning spray drift and impacts on <strong>the</strong> terrestrial environment Conclusions concerning spray drift and impacts on <strong>the</strong> aquatic environment 218 years because mechanical weed control with spraying against couch grass every ten years is more effective than conventional spraying. However, <strong>the</strong>se analyses must be treated with caution because <strong>the</strong> model has not been verified in practice. From <strong>the</strong> model analyses carried out, <strong>the</strong> sub-committee concludes that <strong>the</strong>re would probably be effects on both flora and fauna as a consequence of run-off in scenarios corresponding to present production, <strong>the</strong> ++scenario and <strong>the</strong> +scenario. The probability of effect falls with <strong>the</strong> quantity of pesticides used in <strong>the</strong> scenarios. The models show that, all else being equal, <strong>the</strong> use of pesticides in <strong>the</strong> crops winter cereal, potatoes, beets and peas constitutes a serious risk to <strong>the</strong> flora and fauna in ponds. Less burdensome crops are spring cereal, spring rape, maize and, to some extent, winter rape. The model predicts that <strong>the</strong> critical pesticides for algae and aquatic plants (macrophytes) in ponds are isoproturon, glyphosate, fenpropimorph, ethofumesate, metamitron, pendimethalin, metribuzin, prosulfocarb, mancozeb, maneb and clopyralid. Crustaceans and insects are largely equally sensitive, and <strong>the</strong> simulated effects on crustaceans can in principle be considered to apply to insects as well. The critical pesticides with respect to effects on crustaceans and insects are esfenvalerate, propiconazol, pendimethalin, metribuzin, prosulfocarb, mancozeb and maneb. If <strong>the</strong>re are no run-off events within a growth season, <strong>the</strong> only source of load on <strong>the</strong> pond is spray drift. The analyses show that this supply is only of importance in <strong>the</strong> case of esfenvalerate, with a 6-9% reduction in daphnia biomass. During spraying, spray drift carries pesticides to <strong>the</strong> surrounding areas. However, hedgerows, dikes, dry stone walls and o<strong>the</strong>r small biotopes are so narrow that <strong>the</strong>y should in practice be included in <strong>the</strong> area that is affected by spray agents. Spray drift can affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Several studies have demonstrated effects <strong>from</strong> spray-agent drift up to 50 metres <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> sprayed area. However, most of <strong>the</strong> flora were only affected in an area between 0 and 5 m <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> field. However, <strong>the</strong>re is a lack of experimental data on effects of herbicides in low doses on wild plant species, and <strong>the</strong> extent of spray drift and its effect on wild flora have not been systematically studied in Denmark. In both <strong>the</strong> 0-scenario and <strong>the</strong> 0+ and +scenarios, <strong>the</strong> consumption of herbicides would be reduced and thus <strong>the</strong> risk of spray drift to areas near <strong>the</strong> sprayed field. This would considerably reduce <strong>the</strong> load, whe<strong>the</strong>r spraying was discontinued altoge<strong>the</strong>r or was only carried out occasionally. However, owing to <strong>the</strong> lack of data, it is not possible to quantify <strong>the</strong> beneficial effect on <strong>the</strong> vegetation. The areas affected would be reduced in step with <strong>the</strong> herbicide consumption. In <strong>the</strong> 0+scenario, <strong>the</strong> load would be reduced to <strong>the</strong> few localities in which pesticides were used. In <strong>the</strong> 0-scenario, <strong>the</strong>re would no longer be any impact on <strong>the</strong> neighbouring areas. For <strong>the</strong> aquatic environment, any form of impact <strong>from</strong> pesticides, including changes in <strong>the</strong> flora and fauna in coastal waters, lakes, ponds and watercourses, is undesirable. Of <strong>the</strong> aquatic ecosystems it is particularly ponds, watercourses and lakes near fields that could potentially be affected. It is likely that <strong>the</strong> freshwater environment is already affected by <strong>the</strong> present use of pesticides, but it is not possible on <strong>the</strong> basis of <strong>the</strong> existing data to quantify <strong>the</strong> impact at national level. On
Page 1:
The Bichel Committee 1999 R
Page 4 and 5:
1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE SUB-COMMITTE
Page 6 and 7:
9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASSESSME
Page 8:
1 Introduction On 15 May 1997 <stro
Page 11 and 12:
The President Members 10 Henrik San
Page 13 and 14:
Consultants’ reports 12 The sub-c
Page 15 and 16:
14 4 Occurrence of pesticides in <s
Page 17 and 18:
The Nationwide Monitoring Programme
Page 19 and 20:
Counties analyse samples fr
Page 21 and 22:
20 system. However, the</st
Page 23 and 24:
941 110 22 MB 270 31 13 MB 1281 10
Page 25 and 26:
Substance Permitte
Page 27 and 28:
26 The distribution of finds of pes
Page 29 and 30:
28 concentrations of up to 11 micro
Page 31 and 32:
Table 4.10 Occurrence of pesticides
Page 33 and 34:
32 It will be seen from</st
Page 35 and 36:
34 • The frequency of detection i
Page 37 and 38:
36 Soil water samples containing pe
Page 39 and 40:
38 Bromoxynil 3 n.d. 0.04 54 DNOC 4
Page 41 and 42:
40 concentrations found so far are
Page 43 and 44:
42 mononitrophenols and oth
Page 45 and 46:
44 The main measure used to try to
Page 47 and 48:
Models for volatilisation 46 • It
Page 49 and 50:
Calculation of the
Page 51 and 52:
Processes that remove pesticides <s
Page 53 and 54:
52 atrazine and the</strong
Page 55 and 56:
Potential sources of pesticides in
Page 57 and 58:
56 Example 1: IPU dosage 1000 g act
Page 59:
58 completely against future pollut
Page 62 and 63:
Exposure of field fauna through tre
Page 64 and 65:
Leaf beetles Direct effects of spra
Page 66 and 67:
Indirect effects on mammals and bir
Page 68 and 69:
Birds are particularly interesting
Page 70 and 71:
Importance of headland vegetation t
Page 72 and 73:
Effects of pesticides in forestry A
Page 74 and 75:
Repeated spraying changes t
Page 76 and 77:
Effect on seed production The wild
Page 78 and 79:
Impact on the flor
Page 80 and 81:
• The sub-committee recommends mo
Page 82 and 83:
Effects on primary producers The ef
Page 84 and 85:
Effects on amphibians Unlawful use
Page 86 and 87:
concentrations than the</st
Page 88:
The sub-committee recommends more c
Page 91 and 92:
General ergonomic problems Particul
Page 93 and 94:
Tractor accidents Accidents resulti
Page 95 and 96:
The sprayer operator’s exposure t
Page 97 and 98:
Pesticides and cancer 96 th
Page 99 and 100:
Studies of frequency of cancer Repr
Page 101 and 102:
Neurotoxicity Immunotoxicity and se
Page 103 and 104:
Population studies 102 • Long-ter
Page 105 and 106:
Other risk groups
Page 107 and 108:
106 tomat salat kinakål kartofler
Page 109 and 110:
Calculation of pesticide intake <st
Page 111 and 112:
The Danes’ dietary pattern Reduct
Page 113 and 114:
Estimated intake from</stro
Page 115 and 116:
Table 6.4 Estimated pesticide intak
Page 117 and 118:
Variation in daily intake of pestic
Page 119 and 120:
Endosulfan = Endosulfan Methidathio
Page 121 and 122:
Limit values Authorisation of pesti
Page 123 and 124:
Analytical studies: case control st
Page 125 and 126:
Cancer Mechanism behind the
Page 127 and 128:
Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity in chil
Page 129 and 130:
128 6.2.7 Conclusions There is insu
Page 131 and 132:
130 • It cannot be proven on <str
Page 133 and 134:
132 Danish products. There are big
Page 135 and 136:
134
Page 137 and 138:
Definition of proportionality Heavy
Page 139 and 140:
Tropospheric ozone Veterinary drugs
Page 141 and 142:
140 effect that can be expected per
Page 143 and 144:
Synthetic pesticid
Page 145 and 146:
144 formulations. Therefore, <stron
Page 147 and 148:
International cooperation 146 be il
Page 149 and 150:
Fuzzy Expert model Expert assessmen
Page 151 and 152:
Setting up a gross list with a view
Page 153 and 154:
Better monitoring of the</s
Page 155 and 156:
154 help in the as
Page 157 and 158:
Impact index for the</stron
Page 159 and 160:
Knowledge-building in the</
Page 161 and 162:
160 In relation to the</str
Page 163 and 164:
Uncertainties and variations 162 A
Page 165 and 166:
164 which is fixed at 0.1 microgram
Page 167 and 168: 166 If the risk as
Page 169 and 170: Prevention of disease in cereal cro
Page 171 and 172: Prevention of pest attack in agricu
Page 173 and 174: 172 plants whose ability to establi
Page 175 and 176: Biobeds Municipal environmental sup
Page 177 and 178: Malt barley and gushing Direct effe
Page 179 and 180: Effect of soil treatment on wild pl
Page 181 and 182: Emissions of greenhouse gases 180 p
Page 183 and 184: Conclusions concerning environmenta
Page 185 and 186: Conclusions concerning leaching of
Page 187 and 188: 0+-scenario: almost total phase-out
Page 189 and 190: Scenarios for forests Weath
Page 191 and 192: Soil Residues in the</stron
Page 193 and 194: Impact on the fiel
Page 195 and 196: Earthworms 194 has been carried out
Page 197 and 198: Assumptions and uncertainties Resul
Page 199 and 200: Comparison of weed control with and
Page 201 and 202: Results of calculations with <stron
Page 203 and 204: 202 Scenarier Ingen behandling Plus
Page 205 and 206: Impacts on the flo
Page 207 and 208: Results of the mod
Page 209 and 210: Mechanical weed control 208 Behandl
Page 211 and 212: The Dane's dietary pattern and dail
Page 213 and 214: 212 11 The sub-committee’s summar
Page 215 and 216: Conclusion concerning lack of time
Page 217: Conclusion concerning impacts on fl
Page 221 and 222: Conclusions concerning exposure to
Page 223 and 224: Conclusion concerning mycotoxins Th
Page 225 and 226: Ranking with respect to groundwater
Page 227 and 228: Conclusion concerning emissions of
Page 229 and 230: Conclusions concerning natural subs
Page 231 and 232: 230 12 References Abell, A., Bonde,
Page 233 and 234: 232 Colborn, T., vom Saal., F.S., S
Page 235 and 236: 234 Eyer, P. (1995). Neuropsychopat
Page 237 and 238: 236 Graae, B.J. (1999). Florest flo
Page 239 and 240: 238 Protection Conference: Pesticid
Page 241 and 242: 240 Lindhardt, B., Sørensen, P.B.,
Page 243 and 244: 242 consumption of fossil energy wi
Page 245 and 246: 244 intoxication. The Pesticide Hea
Page 247 and 248: 246 Underudvalget for Miljø og Sun
Page 249 and 250: 248 Annex 1 Data required for autho
Page 251 and 252: 250 11) Metabolism in animals The s
Page 253 and 254: 252 Annex 2 The general rules for r
Page 255 and 256: Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 25
Page 257: 256 reasonable and usable system fo
show all

Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?