Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

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Active ingredient/ Type of catchment area Urban area Mixed catchment area, clay Mixed catchment area Clayey agric. catchment area Sandy agric. catchment area Sandy/clayey catchment area Forest watercourse Uncultivat ed catchment area tribenuron-methyl (H) n.a. 2/48; 0.008-0.03 n.a. n.d./53 n.d./10 n.a. n.d./25 n.a. n.d./12 n.a. = not analysed; n.d. = not detected. H = herbicide, F = fungicide, I = insecticide. Springs 31
32 It will be seen <strong>from</strong> table 4.10 that <strong>the</strong> frequency of pesticide finds and <strong>the</strong> concentration of <strong>the</strong> pesticides are generally highest in agricultural catchment areas with clayey soils. That is presumably due to <strong>the</strong> fact that farmers on rich soil often farm more intensively and thus spray more often and to <strong>the</strong> fact that pesticides are quickly transported to watercourses via drains through cracks in <strong>the</strong> clayey soil. The fact that pesticides have been detected in springs indicates specifically that pesticides can be led to watercourses via groundwater. Fewer different pesticides have been found in forest watercourses, but <strong>the</strong> herbicides that are used in forests frequently occur in <strong>the</strong> watercourses. That applies particularly to hexazinone. Many different pesticides have been detected in urban watercourses, which cover both “urban watercourses” and “mixed catchment areas”. Agricultural pesticides <strong>the</strong>refore also occur. Dichlobenil, which is used as a universal herbicide and particularly its metabolite, BAM (2,6-dichlorobenzamide), occur very frequently, both in urban areas, agricultural areas and forest watercourses, see table 4.11. Concerning BAM, readers are referred to section 4.1, where a similar frequency in groundwater is described. In most of <strong>the</strong> watercourses, many different pesticides are found at <strong>the</strong> same time, which is of significance in <strong>the</strong> assessment of <strong>the</strong> effects on flora and fauna in <strong>the</strong> aquatic environment, see section 5.3. Table 4.11 Occurrence of metabolites (of a dichlobenil, b glyphosate, c atrazine) of pesticides in watercourses, with a breakdown by type of catchment area. The table shows <strong>the</strong> number of finds out of <strong>the</strong> total number of samples and <strong>the</strong> concentration range in microgramme per litre. Dichlobenil and atrazine may no longer be used in Denmark. The first studies were carried out by DMU in 1989-1991. In 1994-1996, a major study was carried out in Funen County. In 1996, <strong>the</strong> table includes data <strong>from</strong> several counties (Mogensen 1998). Type of catchment area/Metabolite 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) a AMPA*, b desethylatrazine c desisopropylatrazine c Urban area 5/5; 0.03-0.4 n.a. 3/5; 0.01-0.03 4/5; 0.01-0.1 Mixed catchment area, clay 46/54; 0.05-0.2 5/5; 0.1-0.5 n.d./57 n.d./57 Mixed catchment area 5/5; 0.04-0.07 n.a. n.d./5 n.d./5 Clayey agric. catchment area 63/72; 0.03-0.4 1/1; 0.5 6/72; 0.01-0.1 8/72; 0.01-0.2 Sandy agric. catchment area 12/25; 0.01-0.01 n.a. n.d./25 n.d./25 Sandy/clayey catchment area 8/10; 0.01-0.009 n.a. n.d./10 1/10; 0.02 Forest watercourse 4/25; 0.08-0.5 n.a. n.d./25 n.d./25 Uncultivated catchment area n.d./5 n.a. n.d./5 n.d./5 Springs 3/12; 0.1-0.5 n.a. n.d./12 n.d./12 * = AMPA has been detected in <strong>the</strong> same samples as <strong>the</strong> parent compound glyphosate. It is <strong>the</strong>refore likely that <strong>the</strong> metabolite comes <strong>from</strong> glyphosate, but o<strong>the</strong>r sources cannot be excluded. n.a. = not analysed n.d. = not detected
Page 1: The Bichel Committee 1999 R
Page 4 and 5: 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE SUB-COMMITTE
Page 6 and 7: 9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASSESSME
Page 8: 1 Introduction On 15 May 1997 <stro
Page 11 and 12: The President Members 10 Henrik San
Page 13 and 14: Consultants’ reports 12 The sub-c
Page 15 and 16: 14 4 Occurrence of pesticides in <s
Page 17 and 18: The Nationwide Monitoring Programme
Page 19 and 20: Counties analyse samples fr
Page 21 and 22: 20 system. However, the</st
Page 23 and 24: 941 110 22 MB 270 31 13 MB 1281 10
Page 25 and 26: Substance Permitte
Page 27 and 28: 26 The distribution of finds of pes
Page 29 and 30: 28 concentrations of up to 11 micro
Page 31: Table 4.10 Occurrence of pesticides
Page 35 and 36: 34 • The frequency of detection i
Page 37 and 38: 36 Soil water samples containing pe
Page 39 and 40: 38 Bromoxynil 3 n.d. 0.04 54 DNOC 4
Page 41 and 42: 40 concentrations found so far are
Page 43 and 44: 42 mononitrophenols and oth
Page 45 and 46: 44 The main measure used to try to
Page 47 and 48: Models for volatilisation 46 • It
Page 49 and 50: Calculation of the
Page 51 and 52: Processes that remove pesticides <s
Page 53 and 54: 52 atrazine and the</strong
Page 55 and 56: Potential sources of pesticides in
Page 57 and 58: 56 Example 1: IPU dosage 1000 g act
Page 59: 58 completely against future pollut
Page 62 and 63: Exposure of field fauna through tre
Page 64 and 65: Leaf beetles Direct effects of spra
Page 66 and 67: Indirect effects on mammals and bir
Page 68 and 69: Birds are particularly interesting
Page 70 and 71: Importance of headland vegetation t
Page 72 and 73: Effects of pesticides in forestry A
Page 74 and 75: Repeated spraying changes t
Page 76 and 77: Effect on seed production The wild
Page 78 and 79: Impact on the flor
Page 80 and 81: • The sub-committee recommends mo
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Effects on primary producers The ef
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Effects on amphibians Unlawful use
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concentrations than the</st
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The sub-committee recommends more c
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General ergonomic problems Particul
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Tractor accidents Accidents resulti
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The sprayer operator’s exposure t
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Pesticides and cancer 96 th
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Studies of frequency of cancer Repr
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Neurotoxicity Immunotoxicity and se
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Population studies 102 • Long-ter
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Other risk groups
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106 tomat salat kinakål kartofler
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Calculation of pesticide intake <st
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The Danes’ dietary pattern Reduct
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Estimated intake from</stro
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Table 6.4 Estimated pesticide intak
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Variation in daily intake of pestic
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Endosulfan = Endosulfan Methidathio
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Limit values Authorisation of pesti
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Analytical studies: case control st
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Cancer Mechanism behind the
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Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity in chil
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128 6.2.7 Conclusions There is insu
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130 • It cannot be proven on <str
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132 Danish products. There are big
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134
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Definition of proportionality Heavy
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Tropospheric ozone Veterinary drugs
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140 effect that can be expected per
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Synthetic pesticid
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144 formulations. Therefore, <stron
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International cooperation 146 be il
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Fuzzy Expert model Expert assessmen
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Setting up a gross list with a view
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Better monitoring of the</s
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154 help in the as
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Impact index for the</stron
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Knowledge-building in the</
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160 In relation to the</str
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Uncertainties and variations 162 A
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164 which is fixed at 0.1 microgram
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166 If the risk as
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Prevention of disease in cereal cro
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Prevention of pest attack in agricu
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172 plants whose ability to establi
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Biobeds Municipal environmental sup
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Malt barley and gushing Direct effe
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Effect of soil treatment on wild pl
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Emissions of greenhouse gases 180 p
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Conclusions concerning environmenta
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Conclusions concerning leaching of
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0+-scenario: almost total phase-out
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Scenarios for forests Weath
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Soil Residues in the</stron
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Impact on the fiel
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Earthworms 194 has been carried out
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Assumptions and uncertainties Resul
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Comparison of weed control with and
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Results of calculations with <stron
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202 Scenarier Ingen behandling Plus
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Impacts on the flo
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Results of the mod
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Mechanical weed control 208 Behandl
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The Dane's dietary pattern and dail
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212 11 The sub-committee’s summar
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Conclusion concerning lack of time
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Conclusion concerning impacts on fl
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Conclusions concerning model analys
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Conclusions concerning exposure to
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Conclusion concerning mycotoxins Th
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Ranking with respect to groundwater
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Conclusion concerning emissions of
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Conclusions concerning natural subs
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230 12 References Abell, A., Bonde,
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232 Colborn, T., vom Saal., F.S., S
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234 Eyer, P. (1995). Neuropsychopat
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236 Graae, B.J. (1999). Florest flo
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238 Protection Conference: Pesticid
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240 Lindhardt, B., Sørensen, P.B.,
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242 consumption of fossil energy wi
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244 intoxication. The Pesticide Hea
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246 Underudvalget for Miljø og Sun
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248 Annex 1 Data required for autho
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250 11) Metabolism in animals The s
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252 Annex 2 The general rules for r
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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 25
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256 reasonable and usable system fo
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