Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

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concerning relationships between dosage and concentration of pesticides in <strong>the</strong> water samples analysed. The following specific conclusions can be drawn: • The pesticides detected in soil and drain water are often <strong>the</strong> same as are detected in <strong>the</strong> aquifers, see section 4.1. • The concentrations of pesticides detected in soil and drain water exceed <strong>the</strong> limit value for drinking water more frequently than in <strong>the</strong> groundwater analyses. Many of <strong>the</strong> pesticides detected are now banned in Denmark, but were permitted at <strong>the</strong> time of <strong>the</strong> analyses. • Owing to limited data, it is not deemed warranted to draw conclusions concerning relationships between dosage in <strong>the</strong> field and concentration of pesticides in drain and soil water. • Assuming that <strong>the</strong> extent of <strong>the</strong> catchment area is known and that <strong>the</strong> pesticides used in <strong>the</strong> area are known, a drain water analysis gives an idea of whe<strong>the</strong>r used pesticides or <strong>the</strong>ir degradation products can reach <strong>the</strong> groundwater. However, <strong>the</strong> results depend on <strong>the</strong> local conditions and <strong>the</strong> wea<strong>the</strong>r, and it is not possible to carry out a mass flow analysis that describes <strong>the</strong> fate of <strong>the</strong> pesticides in time and space. • Lysimeter studies and laboratory analyses of radioactively labelled pesticides and degradation products in undisturbed columns of soil can be suitable tools for judging <strong>the</strong> risk of leaching in connection with <strong>the</strong> use of pesticides in different soils. • Both <strong>the</strong> level of concentration and <strong>the</strong> frequency of detections are highest in clayey soils. However, <strong>the</strong> data are limited and can be improved with supplementary studies. 4.5 Pesticides in rainwater As found by Felding (1998a), <strong>the</strong>re have been relatively few studies in Denmark. In a cooperative project under <strong>the</strong> auspices of <strong>the</strong> Nordic Council of Ministers, rainwater samples were collected <strong>from</strong> 2 localities in Denmark – Ulfborg Plantation 10 km <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> west coast of Jutland, and Gadevang near Gribskov, a forest in North Zealand – <strong>from</strong> 1992 to 1994. The analyses covered 10 pesticides: propiconazole, prochloraz, lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, esfenvalerate, deltamethrin, atrazine, mechlorprop, dichlorprop and MCPA. Only <strong>the</strong> phenoxy acids were detected, and <strong>the</strong> highest concentrations found were just under 0.4 microgramme per litre (Kirknel et al. 1997). The concentrations found were very small in relation to <strong>the</strong> dosage in field spraying. The effects of pesticides in rainwater are assessed in section 5.2. In a current project, samples of precipitation are being collected <strong>from</strong> three Zealand localities: Gadevang, Gisselfeld and Lorup. The samples are analysed for <strong>the</strong> phenoxy acids: MCPA, mechlorprop and dichlorprop, and for <strong>the</strong> herbicide isoproturon. The highest 39
40 concentrations found so far are just over 0.6 microgramme per litre for <strong>the</strong> phenoxy acids and just under 0.4 microgramme per litre for isoproturon. In most cases, <strong>the</strong> time when <strong>the</strong> herbicides were detected in <strong>the</strong> precipitation coincided with <strong>the</strong> time of use (Felding 1998a). In autumn 1997, 13 mixed samples extracted <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> above-mentioned 3 localities <strong>from</strong> September 1996 to November 1997 were analysed for 44 pesticide chemicals. Table 4.15 shows <strong>the</strong> content of <strong>the</strong> 13 samples. In all, 8 pesticide chemicals were detected: isoproturon, metamitron, DNOC, mechlorprop, methabenzthiazuron, 2-hydroxyterbuthylazine, terbuthylazine and 2,4-D. DNOC was found to be present during <strong>the</strong> entire period in a relatively high concentration range <strong>from</strong> 0.3 to 4.5 microgramme per litre. This substance has not been used in Denmark for <strong>the</strong> last 10 years. The substance can also be formed by atmospheric, chemical reactions, see section 4.5. There may thus be transboundary air pollution. DNOC has also been detected in groundwater near <strong>the</strong> surface and in watercourses (Spliid et al. 1996), see sections 4.1.1 and 4.1.2. In 1990-1991, DMU measured <strong>the</strong> content of α-HCH and γ-HCH (lindane) in rainwater in 2 localities in Denmark: Husby and Ulfborg in West Jutland. In 1992, analyses were carried out of samples <strong>from</strong> 3 localities: Ulborg, Bagenkorp and Anholt. The maximum concentration was found to be 0.1 microgramme per litre. The analysis indicated that <strong>the</strong> occurrence of lindane came <strong>from</strong> use in countries south and west of Denmark (Cleemann et al. 1995). Table 4.15 Pesticides and degradation products in rainwater samples collected in <strong>the</strong> period September 1996 to November 1997. In all, 13 samples were collected over a period of 2-3 weeks in Lorup, Gisselfeld and Gadevang on Zealand. DMU analysed <strong>the</strong> samples for 36 active ingredients and 8 metabolites. The concentrations are given in microgramme per litre. It will be seen that for isoproturon and DNOC, <strong>the</strong> concentration exceeds <strong>the</strong> drinking water limit of 0.1 microgramme per litre (marked in bold) (Felding 1998a). Extracted Isoprotu ron a Metamitron DNOC b Mechlorprop c Methabenzt hiazuron 2hydroxyterbut hylazine M Terbuthylaz ine M 2,4-D c Sept. 96 0.007 n.d. 0.61 0.005 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Oct. 96 0.20 0.019 4,5 0.23 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Oct. 96 0.054 0.039 0.69 0.07 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Nov. 96 0.017 0.038 0.89 0.07 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Nov. 96 n.d. n.d. 0.77 0.030 0.013 n.d. n.d. n.d. April 97 n.d. n.d. 0.82 0.016 0.008 0.096 n.d. n.d. May 97 n.d. n.d. 0.31 0.015 n.d. 0.098 0.008 n.d. June 97 n.d. n.d. 0.57 0.012 n.d. n.d. 0.009 n.d. Aug. 97 n.d. 0.024 1.6 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Sept. 97 n.d. n.d. 0.38 0.005 n.d. n.d. n.d. 0.046 Sept. 97 0.17 0.088 1.3 0.068 n.d. 0.015 0.008 0.059 Oct. 97 n.d. n.d. 0.44 0.016 n.d. n.d. n.d. 0.013 Oct. 97 0.29 n.d. 0.47 0.076 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. = not detected; a = ban recommended in 1998 b = banned; c = banned with dispensation in 1997 M = metabolite (of atrazine) Table 4.16
Page 1: The Bichel Committee 1999 R
Page 4 and 5: 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE SUB-COMMITTE
Page 6 and 7: 9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASSESSME
Page 8: 1 Introduction On 15 May 1997 <stro
Page 11 and 12: The President Members 10 Henrik San
Page 13 and 14: Consultants’ reports 12 The sub-c
Page 15 and 16: 14 4 Occurrence of pesticides in <s
Page 17 and 18: The Nationwide Monitoring Programme
Page 19 and 20: Counties analyse samples fr
Page 21 and 22: 20 system. However, the</st
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Page 25 and 26: Substance Permitte
Page 27 and 28: 26 The distribution of finds of pes
Page 29 and 30: 28 concentrations of up to 11 micro
Page 31 and 32: Table 4.10 Occurrence of pesticides
Page 33 and 34: 32 It will be seen from</st
Page 35 and 36: 34 • The frequency of detection i
Page 37 and 38: 36 Soil water samples containing pe
Page 39: 38 Bromoxynil 3 n.d. 0.04 54 DNOC 4
Page 43 and 44: 42 mononitrophenols and oth
Page 45 and 46: 44 The main measure used to try to
Page 47 and 48: Models for volatilisation 46 • It
Page 49 and 50: Calculation of the
Page 51 and 52: Processes that remove pesticides <s
Page 53 and 54: 52 atrazine and the</strong
Page 55 and 56: Potential sources of pesticides in
Page 57 and 58: 56 Example 1: IPU dosage 1000 g act
Page 59: 58 completely against future pollut
Page 62 and 63: Exposure of field fauna through tre
Page 64 and 65: Leaf beetles Direct effects of spra
Page 66 and 67: Indirect effects on mammals and bir
Page 68 and 69: Birds are particularly interesting
Page 70 and 71: Importance of headland vegetation t
Page 72 and 73: Effects of pesticides in forestry A
Page 74 and 75: Repeated spraying changes t
Page 76 and 77: Effect on seed production The wild
Page 78 and 79: Impact on the flor
Page 80 and 81: • The sub-committee recommends mo
Page 82 and 83: Effects on primary producers The ef
Page 84 and 85: Effects on amphibians Unlawful use
Page 86 and 87: concentrations than the</st
Page 88: The sub-committee recommends more c
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General ergonomic problems Particul
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Tractor accidents Accidents resulti
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The sprayer operator’s exposure t
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Pesticides and cancer 96 th
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Studies of frequency of cancer Repr
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Neurotoxicity Immunotoxicity and se
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Population studies 102 • Long-ter
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Other risk groups
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106 tomat salat kinakål kartofler
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Calculation of pesticide intake <st
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The Danes’ dietary pattern Reduct
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Estimated intake from</stro
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Table 6.4 Estimated pesticide intak
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Variation in daily intake of pestic
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Endosulfan = Endosulfan Methidathio
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Limit values Authorisation of pesti
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Analytical studies: case control st
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Cancer Mechanism behind the
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Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity in chil
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128 6.2.7 Conclusions There is insu
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130 • It cannot be proven on <str
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132 Danish products. There are big
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134
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Definition of proportionality Heavy
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Tropospheric ozone Veterinary drugs
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140 effect that can be expected per
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Synthetic pesticid
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144 formulations. Therefore, <stron
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International cooperation 146 be il
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Fuzzy Expert model Expert assessmen
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Setting up a gross list with a view
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Better monitoring of the</s
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154 help in the as
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Impact index for the</stron
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Knowledge-building in the</
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160 In relation to the</str
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Uncertainties and variations 162 A
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164 which is fixed at 0.1 microgram
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166 If the risk as
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Prevention of disease in cereal cro
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Prevention of pest attack in agricu
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172 plants whose ability to establi
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Biobeds Municipal environmental sup
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Malt barley and gushing Direct effe
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Effect of soil treatment on wild pl
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Emissions of greenhouse gases 180 p
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Conclusions concerning environmenta
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Conclusions concerning leaching of
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0+-scenario: almost total phase-out
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Scenarios for forests Weath
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Soil Residues in the</stron
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Impact on the fiel
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Earthworms 194 has been carried out
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Assumptions and uncertainties Resul
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Comparison of weed control with and
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Results of calculations with <stron
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202 Scenarier Ingen behandling Plus
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Impacts on the flo
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Results of the mod
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Mechanical weed control 208 Behandl
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The Dane's dietary pattern and dail
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212 11 The sub-committee’s summar
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Conclusion concerning lack of time
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Conclusion concerning impacts on fl
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Conclusions concerning model analys
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Conclusions concerning exposure to
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Conclusion concerning mycotoxins Th
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Ranking with respect to groundwater
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Conclusion concerning emissions of
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Conclusions concerning natural subs
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230 12 References Abell, A., Bonde,
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232 Colborn, T., vom Saal., F.S., S
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234 Eyer, P. (1995). Neuropsychopat
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236 Graae, B.J. (1999). Florest flo
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238 Protection Conference: Pesticid
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240 Lindhardt, B., Sørensen, P.B.,
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242 consumption of fossil energy wi
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244 intoxication. The Pesticide Hea
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246 Underudvalget for Miljø og Sun
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248 Annex 1 Data required for autho
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250 11) Metabolism in animals The s
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252 Annex 2 The general rules for r
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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 25
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256 reasonable and usable system fo
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