Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

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The estimated intake <strong>from</strong> animal food products and fish The estimated intake <strong>from</strong> drinking water Overall assessment of intake <strong>from</strong> food products and drinking water The Danish Veterinary & Food Administration has been monitoring <strong>the</strong> content of pesticide residues in animal food products for many years. The analyses have primarily been directed at <strong>the</strong> chlorinated pesticides, such as DDT, HCB and similar fat-soluble compounds, but analyses have also been carried out for residues of organophosphorous pesticides in meat. No residual content of organophosphorous pesticides has been detected in meat, but a chronic content of chlorinated pesticide residues has been found in both animal food products and fish. However, this residual content represents substances that have been banned in pesticides for many years. Their occurrence in <strong>the</strong> food products is <strong>the</strong>refore a result of <strong>the</strong>ir earlier use, which has resulted in extensive and permanent environmental pollution with <strong>the</strong>se persistent substances. Since <strong>the</strong> exposure of <strong>the</strong> consumers to pesticide residues <strong>from</strong> animal food products and fish is primarily a question of “<strong>the</strong> sins of <strong>the</strong> past” and does not concern <strong>the</strong> pesticides authorised for use today, <strong>the</strong> exposure does not depend on <strong>the</strong> extent of <strong>the</strong> use of <strong>the</strong> pesticides currently used in Denmark. In <strong>the</strong> last few years it has been recognised that <strong>the</strong>re is widespread pollution of our groundwater with pesticides. There is <strong>the</strong>refore a potential risk of such contaminants in our drinking water and thus a risk of exposure of <strong>the</strong> population through <strong>the</strong> water. Since drinking-water wells in which a residual content has been detected have hi<strong>the</strong>rto been closed, <strong>the</strong> real exposure of <strong>the</strong> consumer is limited. However, this does not exclude <strong>the</strong> possibility of undiscovered pollution of local wells that can result in significant exposure of <strong>the</strong> local inhabitants. It must <strong>the</strong>refore generally be assumed that drinking water meets current limit values, which state that <strong>the</strong> content of individual pesticide residues must not exceed 0.1 microgramme per litre, while <strong>the</strong> total content of pesticides must not exceed 0.5 microgrammes per litre. With a normal consumption of 2 litres of water per day, a consumer thus receives less than 0.2 microgrammes of an individual pesticide, and his or her total pesticide intake <strong>from</strong> drinking water is less than 1 microgramme per day. When <strong>the</strong> estimated maximum intake <strong>from</strong> drinking water of 1 microgramme per day is compared with <strong>the</strong> estimated intake of approx. 190 microgramme per day <strong>from</strong> fruit and vegetables, it must be concluded that <strong>the</strong> intake <strong>from</strong> drinking water is generally negligible and disappears in <strong>the</strong> uncertainty that lies in <strong>the</strong> estimation of <strong>the</strong> intake <strong>from</strong> vegetable food products. As will be seen <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> foregoing review of <strong>the</strong> pesticide intake <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> different types of food products and drinking water, <strong>the</strong> predominant sources of <strong>the</strong> general population’s exposure to pesticides are fruit and vegetables and cereals and cereal products, while <strong>the</strong> intake <strong>from</strong> drinking water, animal food products and fish is of no significance for <strong>the</strong> total exposure. 115
Variation in daily intake of pesticides The intake in relation to ADI 116 The total average exposure <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> individual types of food product and drinking water is summed in table 6.5. Table 6.5 Estimated average pesticide intake <strong>from</strong> Danish and imported food products (Büchert 1998). Type of food product Total intake, µg/day Total distribution Total DK Import DK % Import % Fruit and vegetables 162 58 104 36 64 Cereals and cereal 27 21 5 80 20 products Animal food products
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The Bichel Committee 1999 R
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1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE SUB-COMMITTE
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9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASSESSME
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1 Introduction On 15 May 1997 <stro
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The President Members 10 Henrik San
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Consultants’ reports 12 The sub-c
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14 4 Occurrence of pesticides in <s
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The Nationwide Monitoring Programme
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Counties analyse samples fr
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20 system. However, the</st
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Substance Permitte
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26 The distribution of finds of pes
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28 concentrations of up to 11 micro
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Table 4.10 Occurrence of pesticides
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32 It will be seen from</st
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34 • The frequency of detection i
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36 Soil water samples containing pe
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38 Bromoxynil 3 n.d. 0.04 54 DNOC 4
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40 concentrations found so far are
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42 mononitrophenols and oth
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44 The main measure used to try to
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Models for volatilisation 46 • It
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Calculation of the
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Processes that remove pesticides <s
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52 atrazine and the</strong
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Potential sources of pesticides in
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56 Example 1: IPU dosage 1000 g act
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58 completely against future pollut
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Exposure of field fauna through tre
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Leaf beetles Direct effects of spra
Page 66 and 67: Indirect effects on mammals and bir
Page 68 and 69: Birds are particularly interesting
Page 70 and 71: Importance of headland vegetation t
Page 72 and 73: Effects of pesticides in forestry A
Page 74 and 75: Repeated spraying changes t
Page 76 and 77: Effect on seed production The wild
Page 78 and 79: Impact on the flor
Page 80 and 81: • The sub-committee recommends mo
Page 82 and 83: Effects on primary producers The ef
Page 84 and 85: Effects on amphibians Unlawful use
Page 86 and 87: concentrations than the</st
Page 88: The sub-committee recommends more c
Page 91 and 92: General ergonomic problems Particul
Page 93 and 94: Tractor accidents Accidents resulti
Page 95 and 96: The sprayer operator’s exposure t
Page 97 and 98: Pesticides and cancer 96 th
Page 99 and 100: Studies of frequency of cancer Repr
Page 101 and 102: Neurotoxicity Immunotoxicity and se
Page 103 and 104: Population studies 102 • Long-ter
Page 105 and 106: Other risk groups
Page 107 and 108: 106 tomat salat kinakål kartofler
Page 109 and 110: Calculation of pesticide intake <st
Page 111 and 112: The Danes’ dietary pattern Reduct
Page 113 and 114: Estimated intake from</stro
Page 115: Table 6.4 Estimated pesticide intak
Page 119 and 120: Endosulfan = Endosulfan Methidathio
Page 121 and 122: Limit values Authorisation of pesti
Page 123 and 124: Analytical studies: case control st
Page 125 and 126: Cancer Mechanism behind the
Page 127 and 128: Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity in chil
Page 129 and 130: 128 6.2.7 Conclusions There is insu
Page 131 and 132: 130 • It cannot be proven on <str
Page 133 and 134: 132 Danish products. There are big
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Page 137 and 138: Definition of proportionality Heavy
Page 139 and 140: Tropospheric ozone Veterinary drugs
Page 141 and 142: 140 effect that can be expected per
Page 143 and 144: Synthetic pesticid
Page 145 and 146: 144 formulations. Therefore, <stron
Page 147 and 148: International cooperation 146 be il
Page 149 and 150: Fuzzy Expert model Expert assessmen
Page 151 and 152: Setting up a gross list with a view
Page 153 and 154: Better monitoring of the</s
Page 155 and 156: 154 help in the as
Page 157 and 158: Impact index for the</stron
Page 159 and 160: Knowledge-building in the</
Page 161 and 162: 160 In relation to the</str
Page 163 and 164: Uncertainties and variations 162 A
Page 165 and 166: 164 which is fixed at 0.1 microgram
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166 If the risk as
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Prevention of disease in cereal cro
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Prevention of pest attack in agricu
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172 plants whose ability to establi
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Biobeds Municipal environmental sup
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Malt barley and gushing Direct effe
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Effect of soil treatment on wild pl
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Emissions of greenhouse gases 180 p
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Conclusions concerning environmenta
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Conclusions concerning leaching of
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0+-scenario: almost total phase-out
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Scenarios for forests Weath
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Soil Residues in the</stron
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Impact on the fiel
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Earthworms 194 has been carried out
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Assumptions and uncertainties Resul
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Comparison of weed control with and
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Results of calculations with <stron
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202 Scenarier Ingen behandling Plus
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Impacts on the flo
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Results of the mod
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Mechanical weed control 208 Behandl
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The Dane's dietary pattern and dail
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212 11 The sub-committee’s summar
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Conclusion concerning lack of time
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Conclusion concerning impacts on fl
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Conclusions concerning model analys
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Conclusions concerning exposure to
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Conclusion concerning mycotoxins Th
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Ranking with respect to groundwater
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Conclusion concerning emissions of
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Conclusions concerning natural subs
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230 12 References Abell, A., Bonde,
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232 Colborn, T., vom Saal., F.S., S
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234 Eyer, P. (1995). Neuropsychopat
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236 Graae, B.J. (1999). Florest flo
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238 Protection Conference: Pesticid
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240 Lindhardt, B., Sørensen, P.B.,
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242 consumption of fossil energy wi
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244 intoxication. The Pesticide Hea
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246 Underudvalget for Miljø og Sun
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248 Annex 1 Data required for autho
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250 11) Metabolism in animals The s
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252 Annex 2 The general rules for r
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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 25
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256 reasonable and usable system fo
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