Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

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Estimated intake <strong>from</strong> fruit and vegetables Comparison with ADI The intake of pesticide residues through diet has been calculated for all <strong>the</strong> pesticides detected in <strong>the</strong> analyses of fruit and vegetables in 1996 and 1997. The intake <strong>from</strong> Danish crops and <strong>from</strong> imported crops has been calculated separately, without detailed specification of <strong>the</strong> origin of <strong>the</strong> crops (for details, see Büchert 1998). The results show a total average intake of pesticides <strong>from</strong> fruit and vegetables of about 165 microgrammes per day. The intake of six pesticides/pesticide groups – carbendazim, dithiocarbamats, iprodione, o-phenyl-phenol, procymidone and thiabendazole – corresponds to half <strong>the</strong> total intake, while <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r half is distributed over about 60 individual compounds. The calculated total intake of pesticides <strong>from</strong> fruit and vegetables is made up of around 165 microgrammes per day is approx. 60 microgrammes per day, corresponding to 36%, <strong>from</strong> Danish crops and approx. 105 microgrammes/day, corresponding to 64%, <strong>from</strong> imported crops. It must be stressed that any size comparison of <strong>the</strong> calculated intakes should be seen in <strong>the</strong> light of <strong>the</strong> fact that <strong>the</strong> pesticides have different toxic properties and potency. A small intake of a potent substance may thus very well be more dangerous <strong>from</strong> a health point of view than a large intake of a less potent substance. For <strong>the</strong> pesticides that are authorised for use on edible crops, an acceptable daily intake (ADI) is fixed on <strong>the</strong> basis of <strong>the</strong> same principles as for additives, and with a requirement concerning similarly comprehensive data. ADI for pesticides is set to protect against possible long-term effects. ADI is fixed on <strong>the</strong> basis of animal tests. In each test, NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) is fixed as <strong>the</strong> dosage that does not have any harmful effect. ADI is fixed by taking <strong>the</strong> NOAEL <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> most sensitive test on animals and reducing this by an uncertainty factor that must take account of <strong>the</strong> uncertainty that lies in extrapolating <strong>from</strong> animals to humans and <strong>the</strong> variations in people’s sensitivity and lifestyle. By international agreement, an uncertainty factor of 100 is used as <strong>the</strong> basis. A comparison has been carried out between <strong>the</strong> calculated intakes and <strong>the</strong> upper limits recommended by <strong>the</strong> experts for acceptable intakes for a person weighing 70 kg, calculated as <strong>the</strong> ADI values multiplied by <strong>the</strong> weight (ADI mg/kg bw/day times 70 kg). All <strong>the</strong> calculated intakes constitute only a small part of <strong>the</strong> intake that could be accepted without giving rise to health concerns. The mean value of <strong>the</strong> calculated intakes of <strong>the</strong> individual pesticides is 0.31% of <strong>the</strong> upper limit for <strong>the</strong>ir acceptable daily intakes, with a standard variation of 0.46% and with <strong>the</strong> highest individual value (for methidathion) of about 2.2%. Even with big variations in <strong>the</strong> dietary consumption of <strong>the</strong> individual crops, <strong>the</strong> consumers would remain below <strong>the</strong> ADI values. The variations in <strong>the</strong> exposure to pesticides via fruit and vegetables have been clarified by calculating <strong>the</strong> intake at <strong>the</strong> 90% fractile. The 90% fractile for vegetables and fruit has been put at 225% and 300%, respectively, on <strong>the</strong> mean value for <strong>the</strong> group of crops in question. 111
Estimated intake <strong>from</strong> cereals and cereal products Reduction factor 112 An evaluation of <strong>the</strong> maximum exposures of <strong>the</strong> population can best be based on <strong>the</strong> calculated mean intakes and <strong>the</strong> values given in table 6.3 for <strong>the</strong> entire group of vegetables or fruit. An evaluation of <strong>the</strong> intake via <strong>the</strong> individual crops can also be based on <strong>the</strong> data, whereas a summation of <strong>the</strong> maximum contribution <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> individual crops is not possible without calculating <strong>the</strong> probability of <strong>the</strong> same person or population group having maximum consumption of several combinations of types of crop and determining <strong>the</strong> types of crop in question. On <strong>the</strong> face of it, it is believed that a conjuncture of maximum consumption of two or more crops would be exceptional and that a major consumer of a crop would normally have a limited consumption of o<strong>the</strong>r types of crop. In o<strong>the</strong>r words, if <strong>the</strong>re were a maximum exposure to pesticides via one type of crop, <strong>the</strong> exposure to <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs would often be correspondingly smaller. Since 1987, cereals and bran have been included in <strong>the</strong> regular analyses of pesticide residues in food products on <strong>the</strong> Danish market. The analyses have been carried out with a changing search profile <strong>from</strong> year to year. In <strong>the</strong> last couple of years, <strong>the</strong> samples have been analysed with a multimethod covering 24 different substances. In 1997, a special analysis was carried out of <strong>the</strong> residual content of <strong>the</strong> straw-shortening products chlormequate and mepiquate. The analyses showed that <strong>the</strong> residual content of pesticides in cereals and cereal products meets current limit values, although, generally speaking, <strong>the</strong> data are too slender for a more refined analysis of <strong>the</strong> population’s exposure to pesticides <strong>from</strong> products of this type. The highest content of chlormequate – 3.8 mg per kg – was found in a sample of rolled oats <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> UK. There are generally more and higher finds in Danish cereal products than in <strong>the</strong> imported products, and pesticides have been detected in almost all samples except in rice and in a sample of organic wheat. For a detailed review, readers are referred to Granby and Poulsen (1998). The calculations of <strong>the</strong> intake were based on a more conservative estimate of <strong>the</strong> residual content in <strong>the</strong> types of crop in question. The calculations were carried out in <strong>the</strong> same way as for fruit and vegetables, but covered all <strong>the</strong> pesticides detected in <strong>the</strong> entire period <strong>from</strong> 1987 to 1997. In <strong>the</strong> calculations, no direct differentiation was made between whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> residual content was detected in bran, in grain or in flour. If a substance was detected in one type of product, it was assumed that <strong>the</strong> substance was also present in o<strong>the</strong>rs. It will normally be bran that has <strong>the</strong> largest residual content, and <strong>the</strong> residual content in flour will normally be reduced when <strong>the</strong> husks are removed and be reduced still fur<strong>the</strong>r when <strong>the</strong> grain is milled and when <strong>the</strong> flour is baked into bread (bread was not included in <strong>the</strong> analysis). On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, most of <strong>the</strong> pesticide residues will normally be in <strong>the</strong> bran product. In <strong>the</strong> case of chlormequate, it was found that milling of wheat grain into flour reduced <strong>the</strong> residues by a factor of about 4. For this reason, in <strong>the</strong> calculation of <strong>the</strong> intake <strong>from</strong> cereals and cereal products, it was assumed, as a cautious estimate, that <strong>the</strong> residual contents were reduced by a factor of 2 in relation to <strong>the</strong> measured content. In 1997, 21 bran samples were extracted (18 wheat bran and 3 oat bran), which were analysed for 26 pesticides. None of <strong>the</strong> samples exceeded <strong>the</strong> limit values, even though <strong>the</strong> residual contents were higher in bran than in whole grains and flour. However, reservation must be made for <strong>the</strong> fact that <strong>the</strong> analyses for glyphosate were of limited scope.
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The Bichel Committee 1999 R
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1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE SUB-COMMITTE
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9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASSESSME
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1 Introduction On 15 May 1997 <stro
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The President Members 10 Henrik San
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Consultants’ reports 12 The sub-c
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14 4 Occurrence of pesticides in <s
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The Nationwide Monitoring Programme
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Counties analyse samples fr
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20 system. However, the</st
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Substance Permitte
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26 The distribution of finds of pes
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28 concentrations of up to 11 micro
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Table 4.10 Occurrence of pesticides
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32 It will be seen from</st
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34 • The frequency of detection i
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36 Soil water samples containing pe
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38 Bromoxynil 3 n.d. 0.04 54 DNOC 4
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40 concentrations found so far are
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42 mononitrophenols and oth
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44 The main measure used to try to
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Models for volatilisation 46 • It
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Calculation of the
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Processes that remove pesticides <s
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52 atrazine and the</strong
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Potential sources of pesticides in
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56 Example 1: IPU dosage 1000 g act
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58 completely against future pollut
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Page 64 and 65: Leaf beetles Direct effects of spra
Page 66 and 67: Indirect effects on mammals and bir
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Page 70 and 71: Importance of headland vegetation t
Page 72 and 73: Effects of pesticides in forestry A
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Page 76 and 77: Effect on seed production The wild
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Page 84 and 85: Effects on amphibians Unlawful use
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Page 91 and 92: General ergonomic problems Particul
Page 93 and 94: Tractor accidents Accidents resulti
Page 95 and 96: The sprayer operator’s exposure t
Page 97 and 98: Pesticides and cancer 96 th
Page 99 and 100: Studies of frequency of cancer Repr
Page 101 and 102: Neurotoxicity Immunotoxicity and se
Page 103 and 104: Population studies 102 • Long-ter
Page 105 and 106: Other risk groups
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Page 109 and 110: Calculation of pesticide intake <st
Page 111: The Danes’ dietary pattern Reduct
Page 115 and 116: Table 6.4 Estimated pesticide intak
Page 117 and 118: Variation in daily intake of pestic
Page 119 and 120: Endosulfan = Endosulfan Methidathio
Page 121 and 122: Limit values Authorisation of pesti
Page 123 and 124: Analytical studies: case control st
Page 125 and 126: Cancer Mechanism behind the
Page 127 and 128: Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity in chil
Page 129 and 130: 128 6.2.7 Conclusions There is insu
Page 131 and 132: 130 • It cannot be proven on <str
Page 133 and 134: 132 Danish products. There are big
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Page 137 and 138: Definition of proportionality Heavy
Page 139 and 140: Tropospheric ozone Veterinary drugs
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Page 143 and 144: Synthetic pesticid
Page 145 and 146: 144 formulations. Therefore, <stron
Page 147 and 148: International cooperation 146 be il
Page 149 and 150: Fuzzy Expert model Expert assessmen
Page 151 and 152: Setting up a gross list with a view
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Page 157 and 158: Impact index for the</stron
Page 159 and 160: Knowledge-building in the</
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Uncertainties and variations 162 A
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164 which is fixed at 0.1 microgram
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166 If the risk as
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Prevention of disease in cereal cro
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Prevention of pest attack in agricu
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172 plants whose ability to establi
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Biobeds Municipal environmental sup
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Malt barley and gushing Direct effe
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Effect of soil treatment on wild pl
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Emissions of greenhouse gases 180 p
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Conclusions concerning environmenta
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Conclusions concerning leaching of
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0+-scenario: almost total phase-out
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Scenarios for forests Weath
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Soil Residues in the</stron
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Impact on the fiel
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Earthworms 194 has been carried out
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Assumptions and uncertainties Resul
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Comparison of weed control with and
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Results of calculations with <stron
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202 Scenarier Ingen behandling Plus
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Impacts on the flo
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Results of the mod
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Mechanical weed control 208 Behandl
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The Dane's dietary pattern and dail
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212 11 The sub-committee’s summar
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Conclusion concerning lack of time
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Conclusion concerning impacts on fl
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Conclusions concerning model analys
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Conclusions concerning exposure to
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Conclusion concerning mycotoxins Th
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Ranking with respect to groundwater
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Conclusion concerning emissions of
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Conclusions concerning natural subs
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230 12 References Abell, A., Bonde,
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232 Colborn, T., vom Saal., F.S., S
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234 Eyer, P. (1995). Neuropsychopat
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236 Graae, B.J. (1999). Florest flo
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238 Protection Conference: Pesticid
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240 Lindhardt, B., Sørensen, P.B.,
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242 consumption of fossil energy wi
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244 intoxication. The Pesticide Hea
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246 Underudvalget for Miljø og Sun
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248 Annex 1 Data required for autho
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250 11) Metabolism in animals The s
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252 Annex 2 The general rules for r
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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 25
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256 reasonable and usable system fo
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