Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

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dybde interval meter under terræn 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70 70 - 80 80 - 90 programmes, dating of groundwater with CFC and results <strong>from</strong> research projects that are being carried out to elucidate this. Figure 4.2 Detections of pesticides in % against depth in metres below ground level are shown as white bars. The youngest groundwater is presumably most often found in <strong>the</strong> interval 0-10 metres below ground level. In analyses for eight GRUMO pesticides in <strong>the</strong> depth interval 0-10 metres below ground level, pesticides have been detected in 22% of <strong>the</strong> screens. The detection percentage rises to 34% when analysing for more than eight pesticides. In <strong>the</strong> bar chart, <strong>the</strong> black, horizontal bars show <strong>the</strong> detection percentage for <strong>the</strong> number of detections over or equal to 0.1 microgramme per litre (GEUS). (Figure texts: fundprocent = detection percentage dybde interval i meter under terræn = depth in metres below ground level pesticider = pesticides dybde i meter under terræn = depth in metres below ground level udvidet analyseprogram = expanded analytical programme The water companies’ raw water monitoring system 0 10 fundprocent 20 30 40 8 pesticider dybde i meter under terræn 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 60 - 70 70 - 80 80 - 90 0 10 fundprocent 20 30 40 udvidet analyseprogram In <strong>the</strong> water companies’ raw water monitoring system, pesticides have been detected in 17% of 4,209 wells, and <strong>the</strong> limit value has been exceeded in 6%. These wells have mainly been analysed for <strong>the</strong> eight GRUMO pesticides. The most frequently analysed substances are shown in table 4.3. The number of analyses does not reflect <strong>the</strong> number of analysed wells; for example, dichlorprop has been analysed in 5,714 water samples <strong>from</strong> 3,998 wells. Of <strong>the</strong> eight GRUMO pesticides, dichlorprop, mechlorprop and atrazine have been detected most frequently, while, in percentage terms, degradation products <strong>from</strong> triazines have been detected more frequently in <strong>the</strong> water samples than, for example, atrazine. The relatively frequent occurrence of hexazinone is surprising because this substance has only been detected in samples <strong>from</strong> groundwater monitoring wells even though it has been used frequently in forestry. One explanation could be that hexazinone has been used for treating urban areas. The distribution of finds of pesticides in <strong>the</strong> water companies’ wells is very reminiscent of <strong>the</strong> distribution in <strong>the</strong> groundwater monitoring 19
20 system. However, <strong>the</strong> analysed pesticides occur in 26% of <strong>the</strong> water samples taken <strong>from</strong> wells with “top screen” in <strong>the</strong> interval <strong>from</strong> 10 to 20 metres below ground level, compared with 13% in <strong>the</strong> groundwater monitoring programme. This may be because <strong>the</strong> water companies in some areas extract groundwater <strong>from</strong> high-lying, fractured limestone, where <strong>the</strong> groundwater is presumably younger and more affected by <strong>the</strong> use of pesticides on <strong>the</strong> surface of <strong>the</strong> earth. As a consequence of <strong>the</strong> many detections of <strong>the</strong> degradation product BAM (2.6-dichlorobenzamide) in <strong>the</strong> last few years, some water companies have analysed for this substance in <strong>the</strong>ir routine monitoring. The water companies have carried out 2,310 BAM analyses of water samples <strong>from</strong> 1,656 wells and have detected BAM in 448 of <strong>the</strong>m, corresponding to around 30%. The limit value for drinking water was exceeded in 187 wells, corresponding to about 11% of <strong>the</strong> analysed wells. Most of <strong>the</strong> detections of BAM in waterworks wells were made <strong>from</strong> ground level to a depth of 0-30 metres, where <strong>the</strong> highest concentrations were also measured. BAM’s parent compound is a herbicide, dichlobenil, which has primarily been used in urban areas. Because of <strong>the</strong> earlier widespread use of <strong>the</strong> now prohibited parent compound dichlobenil, BAM can thus be expected to occur both under built-up areas and under farmyards, gravel roads and o<strong>the</strong>r areas kept free of vegetation. In recent years, <strong>the</strong> county authorities, <strong>the</strong> water companies and DMU have carried out a number of expanded analytical programmes for groundwater and waterworks water. Results covering 108 pesticides and metabolites are available. Of <strong>the</strong>se 108 substances, around 40 have been detected in Danish groundwater, 29 of <strong>the</strong>m in concentrations above <strong>the</strong> limit value for drinking water, see table 4.4. DMU's expanded analytical programmes comprise mainly analyses of groundwater <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> LOOP regions. The data in <strong>the</strong> table are <strong>from</strong> analyses carried out in 1997, <strong>from</strong> older analyses that were not reported to <strong>the</strong> groundwater database at GEUS, and <strong>from</strong> analyses that were partly or totally reported to <strong>the</strong> groundwater database at GEUS, e.g. analytical programmes carried out in LOOP and a few groundwater monitoring areas. The table does not include data <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> general monitoring of <strong>the</strong> groundwater monitoring areas. Twenty of <strong>the</strong> pesticides detected in groundwater were in use in Denmark in 1996, but some of <strong>the</strong>m have since had restrictions imposed on <strong>the</strong>ir use or have been banned. However, a few substances, e.g. <strong>the</strong> degradation product ETU, was found in both soil water and groundwater in a research project by Fladerne Bæk (river) and in an analysis carried out by Copenhagen County Council in 1997, in which ETU was detected in piezometric wells close to a landfill site. Table 4.3 Detections of pesticides analysed in connection with <strong>the</strong> water companies’ raw water monitoring system (Brüsch et al. 1998). Ranked by falling number of analyses. Consumption data <strong>from</strong> Bekæmpelsesmiddelstatistik (Pesticide Statistics) 1997 (Danish Environmental Protection Agency 1998a). Pesticide/metabolite Analyses Analysed Wells with Wells with finds Consumption in wells finds ≥0.1 µg/L 1997 number number number number in kg a.i. Atrazine 5759 4015 148 31 B Desethylatrazine M 1335 1169 50 6 MB Hydroxyatrazine M 594 562 3 MB Desisopropylatrazine M Expanded analytical programmes 1290 1133 33 3 MB 5714 3998 88 19 4560 Dichlorprop a
Page 1: The Bichel Committee 1999 R
Page 4 and 5: 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE SUB-COMMITTE
Page 6 and 7: 9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASSESSME
Page 8: 1 Introduction On 15 May 1997 <stro
Page 11 and 12: The President Members 10 Henrik San
Page 13 and 14: Consultants’ reports 12 The sub-c
Page 15 and 16: 14 4 Occurrence of pesticides in <s
Page 17 and 18: The Nationwide Monitoring Programme
Page 19: Counties analyse samples fr
Page 23 and 24: 941 110 22 MB 270 31 13 MB 1281 10
Page 25 and 26: Substance Permitte
Page 27 and 28: 26 The distribution of finds of pes
Page 29 and 30: 28 concentrations of up to 11 micro
Page 31 and 32: Table 4.10 Occurrence of pesticides
Page 33 and 34: 32 It will be seen from</st
Page 35 and 36: 34 • The frequency of detection i
Page 37 and 38: 36 Soil water samples containing pe
Page 39 and 40: 38 Bromoxynil 3 n.d. 0.04 54 DNOC 4
Page 41 and 42: 40 concentrations found so far are
Page 43 and 44: 42 mononitrophenols and oth
Page 45 and 46: 44 The main measure used to try to
Page 47 and 48: Models for volatilisation 46 • It
Page 49 and 50: Calculation of the
Page 51 and 52: Processes that remove pesticides <s
Page 53 and 54: 52 atrazine and the</strong
Page 55 and 56: Potential sources of pesticides in
Page 57 and 58: 56 Example 1: IPU dosage 1000 g act
Page 59: 58 completely against future pollut
Page 62 and 63: Exposure of field fauna through tre
Page 64 and 65: Leaf beetles Direct effects of spra
Page 66 and 67: Indirect effects on mammals and bir
Page 68 and 69: Birds are particularly interesting
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Importance of headland vegetation t
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Effects of pesticides in forestry A
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Repeated spraying changes t
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Effect on seed production The wild
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Impact on the flor
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• The sub-committee recommends mo
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Effects on primary producers The ef
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Effects on amphibians Unlawful use
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concentrations than the</st
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The sub-committee recommends more c
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General ergonomic problems Particul
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Tractor accidents Accidents resulti
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The sprayer operator’s exposure t
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Pesticides and cancer 96 th
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Studies of frequency of cancer Repr
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Neurotoxicity Immunotoxicity and se
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Population studies 102 • Long-ter
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Other risk groups
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106 tomat salat kinakål kartofler
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Calculation of pesticide intake <st
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The Danes’ dietary pattern Reduct
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Estimated intake from</stro
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Table 6.4 Estimated pesticide intak
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Variation in daily intake of pestic
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Endosulfan = Endosulfan Methidathio
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Limit values Authorisation of pesti
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Analytical studies: case control st
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Cancer Mechanism behind the
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Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity in chil
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128 6.2.7 Conclusions There is insu
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130 • It cannot be proven on <str
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132 Danish products. There are big
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134
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Definition of proportionality Heavy
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Tropospheric ozone Veterinary drugs
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140 effect that can be expected per
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Synthetic pesticid
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144 formulations. Therefore, <stron
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International cooperation 146 be il
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Fuzzy Expert model Expert assessmen
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Setting up a gross list with a view
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Better monitoring of the</s
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154 help in the as
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Impact index for the</stron
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Knowledge-building in the</
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160 In relation to the</str
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Uncertainties and variations 162 A
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164 which is fixed at 0.1 microgram
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166 If the risk as
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Prevention of disease in cereal cro
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Prevention of pest attack in agricu
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172 plants whose ability to establi
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Biobeds Municipal environmental sup
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Malt barley and gushing Direct effe
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Effect of soil treatment on wild pl
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Emissions of greenhouse gases 180 p
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Conclusions concerning environmenta
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Conclusions concerning leaching of
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0+-scenario: almost total phase-out
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Scenarios for forests Weath
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Soil Residues in the</stron
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Impact on the fiel
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Earthworms 194 has been carried out
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Assumptions and uncertainties Resul
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Comparison of weed control with and
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Results of calculations with <stron
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202 Scenarier Ingen behandling Plus
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Impacts on the flo
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Results of the mod
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Mechanical weed control 208 Behandl
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The Dane's dietary pattern and dail
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212 11 The sub-committee’s summar
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Conclusion concerning lack of time
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Conclusion concerning impacts on fl
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Conclusions concerning model analys
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Conclusions concerning exposure to
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Conclusion concerning mycotoxins Th
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Ranking with respect to groundwater
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Conclusion concerning emissions of
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Conclusions concerning natural subs
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230 12 References Abell, A., Bonde,
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232 Colborn, T., vom Saal., F.S., S
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234 Eyer, P. (1995). Neuropsychopat
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236 Graae, B.J. (1999). Florest flo
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238 Protection Conference: Pesticid
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240 Lindhardt, B., Sørensen, P.B.,
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242 consumption of fossil energy wi
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244 intoxication. The Pesticide Hea
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246 Underudvalget for Miljø og Sun
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248 Annex 1 Data required for autho
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250 11) Metabolism in animals The s
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252 Annex 2 The general rules for r
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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 25
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256 reasonable and usable system fo
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