Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

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Recommendations

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• The sub-committee recommends more consistent and systematic use than hi<strong>the</strong>rto of permanent unsprayed headlands and protection borders as buffer zones to protect original vegetation in small biotopes and remaining nature areas. In this connection, it must be ensured that linked dispersal corridors are established. Where <strong>the</strong> vegetation of small terrestrial biotopes has been seriously affected by <strong>the</strong> last few decades’ intensive use of both herbicides and fertilisers, recolonisation will normally take a very long time. Here, it will be necessary to establish both spray-free and fertiliser-free boundary zones where restoration of <strong>the</strong> vegetation and <strong>the</strong> associated fauna is desired. Sowing of wild plants is also recommended as a way of reestablishing original vegetation. 5.3 Impacts on flora and fauna in watercourses, lakes and coastal waters Pesticides can be transported to watercourses via <strong>the</strong> atmosphere, through wind drift <strong>from</strong> field spraying or long-distance transport, via groundwater, drain water and surface run-off, and through unlawful spraying in or near watercourses within <strong>the</strong> 2-metre buffer zones. From <strong>the</strong> watercourses, <strong>the</strong> pesticides can be led to lakes or coastal waters. These can also receive pesticides by <strong>the</strong> same transport paths as watercourses. All transport of pesticides to fresh water in Denmark is undesirable. Data are available on <strong>the</strong> occurrence of pesticides in watercourses and ponds, as described in sections 4.2 and 4.3, but <strong>the</strong>re have not yet been any systematic studies of <strong>the</strong> occurrence in Danish lakes and coastal waters. Studies in lakes have been initiated in connection with Aquatic Environment Plan II. In this section we describe <strong>the</strong> impacts of pesticides in fresh water. Since <strong>the</strong>re are only a few Danish studies, <strong>the</strong> description is based primarily on foreign studies, with <strong>the</strong> main emphasis on field studies (Friberg 1998). In order to assess <strong>the</strong> effects of current practice for use of pesticides, concentration levels given in Mogensen and Spliid (1997) are combined with results <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> literature. Denmark has distance requirements for many pesticides, which must not be applied closer than 10 or 20 metres to lakes and watercourses. Table 5.3 shows <strong>the</strong> active ingredients to which such distance requirements currently apply. Some of <strong>the</strong>se ingredients affect organisms in <strong>the</strong> aquatic environment at lower concentrations than 1 microgramme per litre and a few at lower concentrations than 0.1 microgramme per litre. Table 5.3 Pesticides subject to special distance requirements. The distance requirement is generally 2 m to watercourses and lakes. The table shows <strong>the</strong> pesticide, its active ingredients, <strong>the</strong> type (F = fungicide; H =herbicide; I = insecticide; P = growth regulator). Also shown is <strong>the</strong> lowest concentration for individual substances that cause 50% mortality or inhibition of activity in laboratory tests with aquatic organisms (fish, crustaceans and algae) (µg/L = microgramme per litre). Pesticide Active ingredients Type Distance requirement Acute effect 10 m 20 m µg/L Daconil 500 F chlorothalonil B x 44 Corbel fenpropimorph B x 290 Folicur EW 250 tebuconazole B x 6400 Rival fenpropimorph and prochloraz B x 73 Sportak EW prochloraz B x 73 Tilt 250 EC propiconazole B x 680 79
Tilt Megaturbo fenpropimorph and propiconazole B x 73 Tattoo propamocarb and mancozeb B x 1500 Tilt top fenpropimorph and propiconazole B x 73 Vondac DG maneb B x 220 Dimethoate/Perfekthion dimethoate I x 30000 Cyperb/CympaTi Ekstra cypermethrin I x 0,9 Malathion/Maladan malathion I x 2,2 Mavrik 2F tau-fluvalinate I x 0,018 Karate lambda-cyhalothrin I x 0,21 Pirimor/Pirimicarb pirimicarb I x 19 Cycocel Extra chlormequat-chloride P x 7400 Cycocel 750/CCC 750/ chlormequat-chloride P x 7400 Stabilan Extra/Tricorta 750 chlormequat-chloride P x 7400 Terpal mepiquat-chloride and e<strong>the</strong>phon P x 68500 Agil/Propaquisafob propaquizafob H x 190 Ally metsulfuron-methyl H x 2900 Ariane Super MCPA, fluroxypyr and clopyralid H x 10000 Oxitril ioxynil (octane-acid ester) and bromoxynil (octane-acid ester) H x 60 Avenge 150 difenzoquat-methyl-sulphate H x 290 Briotril bromoxynil and ioxynil (like octane-acid ester) H x 60 Barnon Plus flamprop-M-isopropyl H x 2400 Totril ioxynil (octane-acid ester) H x 3900 Basagran 480 bentazone H x 47000 Basagran M 75 bentazone and MCPA H x 10000 Betanal SC/Herbasan phenmedipham H x 130 Betanal Optima/ ethofumesate, phenmedipham and desmedipham H x 130 Betaron/Spar 2 phenmedipham and ethofumesate H x 130 Boxer prosulfocarb H x 90 Ethosan ethofumesate H x 15000 Ethuron ethofumesate H x 15000 Ethofumesat/Nortron SC ethofumesate H x 15000 Gallant/Haloxyfob haloxyfob-ethoxy-ethyl H x 284 Gardoprim terbuthylazine H x 20 Folar terbuthylazine and glyphosate H x 20 Karmex/Diuron diuron H x 42 Laddok TE bentazone and terbuthylazine H x 20 Logran 20 WG triasulfuron H x 770 Primera fenoxaprop-P-ethyl H x 460 Puma Super fenoxaprop-P-ethyl H x 460 Safari trisulfuron-methyl H x 500 Sencor metribuzin H x 7,8 Simazine/Gesatop 500 FW simazine H x 290 Stomp SC pendimethalin H x 33 Toloran terbuthylazine and isoxaben H x 20 Treflan/Trifluralin trifluralin H x >12 80
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The Bichel Committee 1999 R
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1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE SUB-COMMITTE
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9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASSESSME
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1 Introduction On 15 May 1997 <stro
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The President Members 10 Henrik San
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Consultants’ reports 12 The sub-c
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14 4 Occurrence of pesticides in <s
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The Nationwide Monitoring Programme
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Counties analyse samples fr
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20 system. However, the</st
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941 110 22 MB 270 31 13 MB 1281 10
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Substance Permitte
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26 The distribution of finds of pes
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Page 31 and 32: Table 4.10 Occurrence of pesticides
Page 33 and 34: 32 It will be seen from</st
Page 35 and 36: 34 • The frequency of detection i
Page 37 and 38: 36 Soil water samples containing pe
Page 39 and 40: 38 Bromoxynil 3 n.d. 0.04 54 DNOC 4
Page 41 and 42: 40 concentrations found so far are
Page 43 and 44: 42 mononitrophenols and oth
Page 45 and 46: 44 The main measure used to try to
Page 47 and 48: Models for volatilisation 46 • It
Page 49 and 50: Calculation of the
Page 51 and 52: Processes that remove pesticides <s
Page 53 and 54: 52 atrazine and the</strong
Page 55 and 56: Potential sources of pesticides in
Page 57 and 58: 56 Example 1: IPU dosage 1000 g act
Page 59: 58 completely against future pollut
Page 62 and 63: Exposure of field fauna through tre
Page 64 and 65: Leaf beetles Direct effects of spra
Page 66 and 67: Indirect effects on mammals and bir
Page 68 and 69: Birds are particularly interesting
Page 70 and 71: Importance of headland vegetation t
Page 72 and 73: Effects of pesticides in forestry A
Page 74 and 75: Repeated spraying changes t
Page 76 and 77: Effect on seed production The wild
Page 78 and 79: Impact on the flor
Page 82 and 83: Effects on primary producers The ef
Page 84 and 85: Effects on amphibians Unlawful use
Page 86 and 87: concentrations than the</st
Page 88: The sub-committee recommends more c
Page 91 and 92: General ergonomic problems Particul
Page 93 and 94: Tractor accidents Accidents resulti
Page 95 and 96: The sprayer operator’s exposure t
Page 97 and 98: Pesticides and cancer 96 th
Page 99 and 100: Studies of frequency of cancer Repr
Page 101 and 102: Neurotoxicity Immunotoxicity and se
Page 103 and 104: Population studies 102 • Long-ter
Page 105 and 106: Other risk groups
Page 107 and 108: 106 tomat salat kinakål kartofler
Page 109 and 110: Calculation of pesticide intake <st
Page 111 and 112: The Danes’ dietary pattern Reduct
Page 113 and 114: Estimated intake from</stro
Page 115 and 116: Table 6.4 Estimated pesticide intak
Page 117 and 118: Variation in daily intake of pestic
Page 119 and 120: Endosulfan = Endosulfan Methidathio
Page 121 and 122: Limit values Authorisation of pesti
Page 123 and 124: Analytical studies: case control st
Page 125 and 126: Cancer Mechanism behind the
Page 127 and 128: Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity in chil
Page 129 and 130: 128 6.2.7 Conclusions There is insu
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130 • It cannot be proven on <str
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132 Danish products. There are big
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134
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Definition of proportionality Heavy
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Tropospheric ozone Veterinary drugs
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140 effect that can be expected per
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Synthetic pesticid
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144 formulations. Therefore, <stron
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International cooperation 146 be il
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Fuzzy Expert model Expert assessmen
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Setting up a gross list with a view
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Better monitoring of the</s
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154 help in the as
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Impact index for the</stron
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Knowledge-building in the</
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160 In relation to the</str
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Uncertainties and variations 162 A
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164 which is fixed at 0.1 microgram
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166 If the risk as
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Prevention of disease in cereal cro
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Prevention of pest attack in agricu
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172 plants whose ability to establi
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Biobeds Municipal environmental sup
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Malt barley and gushing Direct effe
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Effect of soil treatment on wild pl
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Emissions of greenhouse gases 180 p
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Conclusions concerning environmenta
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Conclusions concerning leaching of
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0+-scenario: almost total phase-out
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Scenarios for forests Weath
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Soil Residues in the</stron
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Impact on the fiel
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Earthworms 194 has been carried out
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Assumptions and uncertainties Resul
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Comparison of weed control with and
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Results of calculations with <stron
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202 Scenarier Ingen behandling Plus
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Impacts on the flo
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Results of the mod
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Mechanical weed control 208 Behandl
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The Dane's dietary pattern and dail
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212 11 The sub-committee’s summar
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Conclusion concerning lack of time
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Conclusion concerning impacts on fl
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Conclusions concerning model analys
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Conclusions concerning exposure to
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Conclusion concerning mycotoxins Th
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Ranking with respect to groundwater
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Conclusion concerning emissions of
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Conclusions concerning natural subs
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230 12 References Abell, A., Bonde,
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232 Colborn, T., vom Saal., F.S., S
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234 Eyer, P. (1995). Neuropsychopat
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236 Graae, B.J. (1999). Florest flo
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238 Protection Conference: Pesticid
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240 Lindhardt, B., Sørensen, P.B.,
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242 consumption of fossil energy wi
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244 intoxication. The Pesticide Hea
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246 Underudvalget for Miljø og Sun
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248 Annex 1 Data required for autho
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250 11) Metabolism in animals The s
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252 Annex 2 The general rules for r
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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 25
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256 reasonable and usable system fo
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Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

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