Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

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cases, low concentrations of pesticides have been detected in places where <strong>the</strong>se substances have not been used for years. This could indicate that <strong>the</strong> retention time for <strong>the</strong> pesticides in question in <strong>the</strong> soil has been long in <strong>the</strong>se cases. In a special analysis of <strong>the</strong> chlorophenoxy acids MCPA, dichlorprop, 2,4-D and mechlorprop, all <strong>the</strong> substances were detected after 3 years in soil water at a depth of one metre in concentrations that were in several cases greater than 0.1 microgramme per litre (Felding 1993). The detections of ETU are <strong>from</strong> a trial area treated many times with dithiocarbamate fungicides, which break down into ETU (Spliid 1998a). As a test system between full-scale field analyses and simple laboratory analyses, lysimeter analyses with undisturbed columns of soil can be used to predict whe<strong>the</strong>r a pesticide or its degradation products can leach <strong>from</strong> a column of soil. Such lysimeter analyses now form part of <strong>the</strong> documentation material used as <strong>the</strong> basis for approving new pesticides. A lysimeter can consist of a block of soil sampled at <strong>the</strong> site in a steel frame without being disturbed. The lysimeter is moved to <strong>the</strong> test locality, where crops are grown in it and it is treated with <strong>the</strong> pesticide in <strong>the</strong> ordinary way. The naturally or artificially supplied water passing <strong>the</strong> block of soil is collected. Using a radioactively labelled pesticide, one can determine whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>re is any breakthrough of radioactivity and thus of pesticide or degradation products. Where possible, <strong>the</strong> substances passing <strong>the</strong> soil column are identified by means of chromatographic methods and by comparison with reference substances. A lysimeter analysis is typically carried out several years after <strong>the</strong> pesticide has been applied. It can be used to determine <strong>the</strong> risk of a pesticide leaching in different types of soil, with different cultivation conditions and in different precipitation situations, with a surface area <strong>from</strong> 0.25 to 1 m 2 . To determine <strong>the</strong> mobility in columns of soil in <strong>the</strong> deeper soil layers, columns with a surface area of, for example, 0.25 m 2 can be sampled in a steel cylinder and taken to <strong>the</strong> laboratory, where <strong>the</strong> temperature and <strong>the</strong> groundwater’s movements can be simulated and controlled. Table 4.13 Pesticides and metabolites detected in fields with sandy soil (Spliid 1998a) Soil water and drain water analyses Localities with sandy soil Component Detections Detections Highest value Number of < 0.1 µg/l > 0.1 µg/l (µg/l) analyses Atrazine 10 1 0.11 98 Cyanazine n.d. n.d. n.d. 21 Desethylatrazine M n.d. n.d. n.d. 21 Desisopropylatrazine M 1 1 0.11 21 Dimethoate n.d. n.d. n.d. 21 Hexazinone 1 n.d. 0.02 21 Hydroxy-carbofuran M n.d. n.d. n.d. 21 Isoproturon 4 1 0.29 75 Metamitron 4 n.d. 0.01 21 Simazine 8 n.d. 0.09 82 Terbuthylazine n.d. n.d. n.d. 21 2,4-D 2 3 1.2 82 2,4-dichlorophenol M 7 5 0.22 54 2,6-dichlorophenol M 1 n.d. 0.05 54 4-chloro-, 2-methylphenol M n.d. n.d. n.d. 54 Bentazone 3 2 0.1 21 37
38 Bromoxynil 3 n.d. 0.04 54 DNOC 4 n.d. 0.02 82 Dichloroprop 2 2 1.4 82 Dinoseb 1 n.d. 0.01 82 Ioxynil n.d. n.d. n.d. 54 MCPA 4 3 0.17 82 Mechlorprop 3 3 0.17 82 Metazachlor n.d. n.d. n.d. 21 Alachlor n.d. n.d. n.d. 21 Ethylene thiourea M (ETU) n.d. 2 0.34 28 n.d. = not detected M = metabolites Italics = substances authorised in 1998, possibly with dispensation µg/L = microgramme per litre Table 4.14 Pesticides and metabolites detected in fields with clayey soil (Spliid 1998a) Soil water and drain water analyses Localities with clayey soil Component Detections Detections Highest value Number of < 0.1 µg/l > 0.1 µg/l (µg/l) analyses Atrazine 8 34 7.8 160 Hexazinone 3 37 4.3 41 Isoproturon n.d. 2 0.15 68 Simazine 1 n.d. 0.04 119 2,4-D 10 4 0.24 184 2,4-dichlorophenol M 3 4 0.29 68 2,6-dichlorophenol M 6 n.d. 0.08 68 4-chloro-, 2-methylphenol M 1 n.d. 0.01 68 Bromoxynil 3 n.d. 0.03 68 DNOC 1 n.d. 0.005 119 Dichloroprop 20 11 0.30 184 Dinoseb n.d. n.d. n.d. 119 Ioxynil 1 n.d. 0.09 68 MCPA 22 8 0.29 184 Mechlorprop 15 11 0.34 184 n.d. = not detected M = metabolites Italics = substances authorised in 1998, possibly with dispensation µg/L = microgramme per litre 4.4.1 Conclusions In a number of analyses, pesticides have been detected in soil water and drain water <strong>from</strong> fields that have been treated with pesticides. In <strong>the</strong> analyses described, <strong>the</strong>re is information concerning <strong>the</strong> use of pesticides on <strong>the</strong> fields in several projects, while for a few localities, <strong>the</strong> figures cover <strong>the</strong> catchment area in general, and it is not possible to demonstrate a relationship between dosage and detections for <strong>the</strong> individual field. With <strong>the</strong> available data it is not deemed warranted to draw conclusions
Page 1: The Bichel Committee 1999 R
Page 4 and 5: 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE SUB-COMMITTE
Page 6 and 7: 9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASSESSME
Page 8: 1 Introduction On 15 May 1997 <stro
Page 11 and 12: The President Members 10 Henrik San
Page 13 and 14: Consultants’ reports 12 The sub-c
Page 15 and 16: 14 4 Occurrence of pesticides in <s
Page 17 and 18: The Nationwide Monitoring Programme
Page 19 and 20: Counties analyse samples fr
Page 21 and 22: 20 system. However, the</st
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Page 25 and 26: Substance Permitte
Page 27 and 28: 26 The distribution of finds of pes
Page 29 and 30: 28 concentrations of up to 11 micro
Page 31 and 32: Table 4.10 Occurrence of pesticides
Page 33 and 34: 32 It will be seen from</st
Page 35 and 36: 34 • The frequency of detection i
Page 37: 36 Soil water samples containing pe
Page 41 and 42: 40 concentrations found so far are
Page 43 and 44: 42 mononitrophenols and oth
Page 45 and 46: 44 The main measure used to try to
Page 47 and 48: Models for volatilisation 46 • It
Page 49 and 50: Calculation of the
Page 51 and 52: Processes that remove pesticides <s
Page 53 and 54: 52 atrazine and the</strong
Page 55 and 56: Potential sources of pesticides in
Page 57 and 58: 56 Example 1: IPU dosage 1000 g act
Page 59: 58 completely against future pollut
Page 62 and 63: Exposure of field fauna through tre
Page 64 and 65: Leaf beetles Direct effects of spra
Page 66 and 67: Indirect effects on mammals and bir
Page 68 and 69: Birds are particularly interesting
Page 70 and 71: Importance of headland vegetation t
Page 72 and 73: Effects of pesticides in forestry A
Page 74 and 75: Repeated spraying changes t
Page 76 and 77: Effect on seed production The wild
Page 78 and 79: Impact on the flor
Page 80 and 81: • The sub-committee recommends mo
Page 82 and 83: Effects on primary producers The ef
Page 84 and 85: Effects on amphibians Unlawful use
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The sub-committee recommends more c
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General ergonomic problems Particul
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Tractor accidents Accidents resulti
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The sprayer operator’s exposure t
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Pesticides and cancer 96 th
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Studies of frequency of cancer Repr
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Neurotoxicity Immunotoxicity and se
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Population studies 102 • Long-ter
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Other risk groups
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106 tomat salat kinakål kartofler
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Calculation of pesticide intake <st
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The Danes’ dietary pattern Reduct
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Estimated intake from</stro
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Table 6.4 Estimated pesticide intak
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Variation in daily intake of pestic
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Endosulfan = Endosulfan Methidathio
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Limit values Authorisation of pesti
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Analytical studies: case control st
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Cancer Mechanism behind the
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Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity in chil
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128 6.2.7 Conclusions There is insu
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130 • It cannot be proven on <str
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132 Danish products. There are big
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134
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Definition of proportionality Heavy
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Tropospheric ozone Veterinary drugs
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140 effect that can be expected per
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Synthetic pesticid
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144 formulations. Therefore, <stron
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International cooperation 146 be il
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Fuzzy Expert model Expert assessmen
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Setting up a gross list with a view
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Better monitoring of the</s
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154 help in the as
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Impact index for the</stron
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Knowledge-building in the</
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160 In relation to the</str
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Uncertainties and variations 162 A
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164 which is fixed at 0.1 microgram
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166 If the risk as
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Prevention of disease in cereal cro
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Prevention of pest attack in agricu
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172 plants whose ability to establi
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Biobeds Municipal environmental sup
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Malt barley and gushing Direct effe
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Effect of soil treatment on wild pl
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Emissions of greenhouse gases 180 p
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Conclusions concerning environmenta
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Conclusions concerning leaching of
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0+-scenario: almost total phase-out
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Scenarios for forests Weath
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Soil Residues in the</stron
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Impact on the fiel
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Earthworms 194 has been carried out
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Assumptions and uncertainties Resul
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Comparison of weed control with and
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Results of calculations with <stron
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202 Scenarier Ingen behandling Plus
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Impacts on the flo
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Results of the mod
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Mechanical weed control 208 Behandl
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The Dane's dietary pattern and dail
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212 11 The sub-committee’s summar
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Conclusion concerning lack of time
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Conclusion concerning impacts on fl
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Conclusions concerning model analys
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Conclusions concerning exposure to
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Conclusion concerning mycotoxins Th
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Ranking with respect to groundwater
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Conclusion concerning emissions of
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Conclusions concerning natural subs
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230 12 References Abell, A., Bonde,
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232 Colborn, T., vom Saal., F.S., S
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234 Eyer, P. (1995). Neuropsychopat
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236 Graae, B.J. (1999). Florest flo
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238 Protection Conference: Pesticid
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240 Lindhardt, B., Sørensen, P.B.,
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242 consumption of fossil energy wi
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244 intoxication. The Pesticide Hea
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246 Underudvalget for Miljø og Sun
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248 Annex 1 Data required for autho
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250 11) Metabolism in animals The s
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252 Annex 2 The general rules for r
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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 25
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256 reasonable and usable system fo
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