Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

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Zahm, S.H., Ward, M.H., Blair, A. (1997). Pesticides and Cancer. Occup. Med., 12(2), pp. 269-289. Østergård, K., Hedegaard, H.M., Jacobsen, J.S., Rubow, T., Christensen, I.H., Dybkjær, T., Nielsen, F. (1998). Rapport vedrørende scenarier for udfasning af pesticidanvendelsen inden for det private skovbrug (udkast dateret september 1998) (<strong>Report</strong> on scenarios for phasing out pesticides within private forestry (draft dated September 1998). Danish Forest and Landscape Research Institute, National Forest and Nature Agency. 247
248 Annex 1 Data required for authorisation of pesticides When application is made for authorisation of pesticides, <strong>the</strong> applicant must supply <strong>the</strong> data, with appurtenant analyses, specified in Annexes 5.1 and 5.3 to Ministry of Environment and Energy Order No. 241 of 27 April 1998 on Pesticides. For substances that are new in <strong>the</strong> EU (i.e. for which application is made after 15 June 1993), <strong>the</strong> data requirements for <strong>the</strong> active ingredient have been slightly expanded, and for <strong>the</strong>se pesticides, too, more information is required concerning <strong>the</strong> formulated products. That is, however, of no relevance in this context because it concerns only a very limited number of substances. In <strong>the</strong> environmental area, data are required concerning some of <strong>the</strong> active ingredient’s physical and chemical properties, its “fate” in soil and water and its toxicity to a number of aquatic and terrestrial organisms. The minimum information required concerning <strong>the</strong> active ingredient is listed below. • Physical and chemical data (that are of relevance to <strong>the</strong> environmental risk assessment): solubility in water and organic solvents, vapour pressure, hydrolytic stability and distribution coefficient noctanol/water. • Metabolism and degradation in soil: photolysis on ground surface, rate of degradation in three types of soil under aerobic conditions, metabolism, rate of degradation at two temperatures and at two dosages, dependence of rate of degradation on water content, rate of degradation in sterile soil and under anaerobic conditions, evaporation <strong>from</strong> soil (calculated on <strong>the</strong> basis of <strong>the</strong> physical and chemical properties). • Mobility in soil: leaching tests in soil columns with <strong>the</strong> active ingredient, performed with three different types of soil, leaching tests in soil columns with aged active ingredient, performed in one type of soil, adsorption and desorption tests. • Metabolism and degradation in water: BOD value and BOD/COD ratio, adsorption to organic material (plankton and sediment), accumulation in sediment (BOD = Biological Oxygen Demand; COD = Chemical Oxygen Demand). • Test for bioaccumulation in aquatic ecosystems if <strong>the</strong> distribution coefficient n-octanol/water is greater than 1000. • Toxic effect on aquatic organisms: acute toxicity in fish (2 species), acute toxicity in daphnia (1 species), reproduction test on daphnia (1 species), acute toxicity in algae.
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The Bichel Committee 1999 R
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1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE SUB-COMMITTE
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9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASSESSME
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1 Introduction On 15 May 1997 <stro
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The President Members 10 Henrik San
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Consultants’ reports 12 The sub-c
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14 4 Occurrence of pesticides in <s
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The Nationwide Monitoring Programme
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Counties analyse samples fr
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20 system. However, the</st
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941 110 22 MB 270 31 13 MB 1281 10
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Substance Permitte
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26 The distribution of finds of pes
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28 concentrations of up to 11 micro
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Table 4.10 Occurrence of pesticides
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32 It will be seen from</st
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34 • The frequency of detection i
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36 Soil water samples containing pe
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38 Bromoxynil 3 n.d. 0.04 54 DNOC 4
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40 concentrations found so far are
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42 mononitrophenols and oth
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44 The main measure used to try to
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Models for volatilisation 46 • It
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Calculation of the
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Processes that remove pesticides <s
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52 atrazine and the</strong
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Potential sources of pesticides in
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56 Example 1: IPU dosage 1000 g act
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58 completely against future pollut
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Exposure of field fauna through tre
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Leaf beetles Direct effects of spra
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Indirect effects on mammals and bir
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Birds are particularly interesting
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Importance of headland vegetation t
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Effects of pesticides in forestry A
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Repeated spraying changes t
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Effect on seed production The wild
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Impact on the flor
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• The sub-committee recommends mo
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Effects on primary producers The ef
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Effects on amphibians Unlawful use
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concentrations than the</st
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The sub-committee recommends more c
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General ergonomic problems Particul
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Tractor accidents Accidents resulti
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The sprayer operator’s exposure t
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Pesticides and cancer 96 th
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Studies of frequency of cancer Repr
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Neurotoxicity Immunotoxicity and se
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Population studies 102 • Long-ter
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Other risk groups
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106 tomat salat kinakål kartofler
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Calculation of pesticide intake <st
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The Danes’ dietary pattern Reduct
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Estimated intake from</stro
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Table 6.4 Estimated pesticide intak
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Variation in daily intake of pestic
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Endosulfan = Endosulfan Methidathio
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Limit values Authorisation of pesti
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Analytical studies: case control st
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Cancer Mechanism behind the
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Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity in chil
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128 6.2.7 Conclusions There is insu
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130 • It cannot be proven on <str
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132 Danish products. There are big
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134
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Definition of proportionality Heavy
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Tropospheric ozone Veterinary drugs
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140 effect that can be expected per
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Synthetic pesticid
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144 formulations. Therefore, <stron
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International cooperation 146 be il
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Fuzzy Expert model Expert assessmen
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Setting up a gross list with a view
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Better monitoring of the</s
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154 help in the as
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Impact index for the</stron
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Knowledge-building in the</
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160 In relation to the</str
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Uncertainties and variations 162 A
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164 which is fixed at 0.1 microgram
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166 If the risk as
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Prevention of disease in cereal cro
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Prevention of pest attack in agricu
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172 plants whose ability to establi
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Biobeds Municipal environmental sup
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Malt barley and gushing Direct effe
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Effect of soil treatment on wild pl
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Emissions of greenhouse gases 180 p
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Conclusions concerning environmenta
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Conclusions concerning leaching of
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0+-scenario: almost total phase-out
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Scenarios for forests Weath
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Soil Residues in the</stron
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Impact on the fiel
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Earthworms 194 has been carried out
Page 197 and 198: Assumptions and uncertainties Resul
Page 199 and 200: Comparison of weed control with and
Page 201 and 202: Results of calculations with <stron
Page 203 and 204: 202 Scenarier Ingen behandling Plus
Page 205 and 206: Impacts on the flo
Page 207 and 208: Results of the mod
Page 209 and 210: Mechanical weed control 208 Behandl
Page 211 and 212: The Dane's dietary pattern and dail
Page 213 and 214: 212 11 The sub-committee’s summar
Page 215 and 216: Conclusion concerning lack of time
Page 217 and 218: Conclusion concerning impacts on fl
Page 219 and 220: Conclusions concerning model analys
Page 221 and 222: Conclusions concerning exposure to
Page 223 and 224: Conclusion concerning mycotoxins Th
Page 225 and 226: Ranking with respect to groundwater
Page 227 and 228: Conclusion concerning emissions of
Page 229 and 230: Conclusions concerning natural subs
Page 231 and 232: 230 12 References Abell, A., Bonde,
Page 233 and 234: 232 Colborn, T., vom Saal., F.S., S
Page 235 and 236: 234 Eyer, P. (1995). Neuropsychopat
Page 237 and 238: 236 Graae, B.J. (1999). Florest flo
Page 239 and 240: 238 Protection Conference: Pesticid
Page 241 and 242: 240 Lindhardt, B., Sørensen, P.B.,
Page 243 and 244: 242 consumption of fossil energy wi
Page 245 and 246: 244 intoxication. The Pesticide Hea
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Page 251 and 252: 250 11) Metabolism in animals The s
Page 253 and 254: 252 Annex 2 The general rules for r
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Page 257: 256 reasonable and usable system fo
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