Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

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Pesticid Orto-phenylphenol Dimethoat Lindan Hexachlorbenzen Dithiocarbamater Endosulfan Methidathion methidathion are received through citrus fruit. Citrus fruits are usually peeled before being eaten, and <strong>the</strong>re are today experiments that show that methidathion in citrus fruits is reduced by 95% by peeling <strong>the</strong> fruit. That means that <strong>the</strong> figures for methidathion, and presumably also for orthophenylphenol, can be more than 80% too high. O<strong>the</strong>r pesticide residues are found mainly in crops that are not peeled or processed (e.g. cucumber, apples and pears), and <strong>the</strong> intake of <strong>the</strong>se pesticides could in reality be more important than <strong>the</strong> real intake of <strong>the</strong> pesticides shown in figure 6.4. It must be stressed that it cannot be absolutely claimed that all calculations that do not include reduction factors are too high, since during preparation pesticides can be broken down into compounds that are just as harmful or more harmful than <strong>the</strong> original pesticide. However, it must generally be expected that including factors for processing/preparation of <strong>the</strong> crops in <strong>the</strong> calculations will reduce <strong>the</strong> value of <strong>the</strong> intake. In future, final and well-tested calculations that include reduction factors and that are supported by toxicological data will become available, making it possible to compare <strong>the</strong> intake of <strong>the</strong> different pesticides. Middelværdi for alle pesticider 0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 Indtag i % af ADI (acceptable daily indtake) for det enkelte pesticid Figure 6.4 The total average intake of pesticide residues (denoted I) <strong>from</strong> different fruit and vegetables, when account is not taken of such factors as peeling and similar that reduce <strong>the</strong> residual content of pesticides. The vertical line gives <strong>the</strong> mean value for all pesticides (0.3% of ADI). (Figure text: Middelværdi for alle pesticider = Mean value for all pesticides Pesticid = Pesticide Orto-phenylphenol = Ortho-phenylphenol Dimethoat = Dimethoate Lindan = Lindane Hexachlorbenzen = Hexachlorobenzene Dithiocarbamater = Dithiocarbamates 117
Endosulfan = Endosulfan Methidathion = Methidathion Indtag i % af ADI (acceptable daily intake) for det enkelte pesticid) = Intake in % of ADI (acceptable daily intake) for <strong>the</strong> individual pesticide) 118 Kartofter I = 40 fra 8 pesticider Andre Grøntsager I = 25 fra 36 pesticider Figure 6.5 shows <strong>the</strong> main crops shown by <strong>the</strong> calculations to contribute to <strong>the</strong> daily intake of pesticides. It should be noted that account is not taken of peeling and o<strong>the</strong>r factors that reduce <strong>the</strong> residual content of pesticides. Since citrus fruit is eaten without <strong>the</strong> peel, and apples are eaten with <strong>the</strong> peel, <strong>the</strong> real relationship between <strong>the</strong>se two intakes could be ra<strong>the</strong>r different <strong>from</strong> this figure. Secondly, it should be noted that <strong>the</strong> figure does not say anything about <strong>the</strong> health effects associated with <strong>the</strong> different pesticide residues in <strong>the</strong> different crops. For example, it could be misleading to report that apples, for example, contribute most to <strong>the</strong> intake of pesticides if toxicologists have shown that <strong>the</strong> pesticide residues that apples contain are less harmful than o<strong>the</strong>r pesticide residues. �� Andre frugter i = 14 fra 29 pesticider �� Vindruer I = 5 fra 20 pesticider �� Bær I = 3 fra 26 pesticider Citrusfrugter I = 48 fra 34 pesticider Æbler I = 27 fra 18 pesticider Figure 6.5 The total average intake of pesticide residues (denoted I) <strong>from</strong> different fruit and vegetables in microgramme per day. In <strong>the</strong> calculation, account has not been taken of peeling and o<strong>the</strong>r factors that may reduce <strong>the</strong> residual content of pesticides in <strong>the</strong> food products. (Figure text: Citrusfrugter = Citrus fruit Æbler = Apples Vindruer = Grapes Bær = Berries Andre frugter = O<strong>the</strong>r fruit
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The Bichel Committee 1999 R
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1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE SUB-COMMITTE
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9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASSESSME
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1 Introduction On 15 May 1997 <stro
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The President Members 10 Henrik San
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Consultants’ reports 12 The sub-c
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14 4 Occurrence of pesticides in <s
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The Nationwide Monitoring Programme
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Counties analyse samples fr
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20 system. However, the</st
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941 110 22 MB 270 31 13 MB 1281 10
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Substance Permitte
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26 The distribution of finds of pes
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28 concentrations of up to 11 micro
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Table 4.10 Occurrence of pesticides
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32 It will be seen from</st
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34 • The frequency of detection i
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36 Soil water samples containing pe
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38 Bromoxynil 3 n.d. 0.04 54 DNOC 4
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40 concentrations found so far are
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42 mononitrophenols and oth
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44 The main measure used to try to
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Models for volatilisation 46 • It
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Calculation of the
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Processes that remove pesticides <s
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52 atrazine and the</strong
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Potential sources of pesticides in
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56 Example 1: IPU dosage 1000 g act
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58 completely against future pollut
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Exposure of field fauna through tre
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Leaf beetles Direct effects of spra
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Indirect effects on mammals and bir
Page 68 and 69: Birds are particularly interesting
Page 70 and 71: Importance of headland vegetation t
Page 72 and 73: Effects of pesticides in forestry A
Page 74 and 75: Repeated spraying changes t
Page 76 and 77: Effect on seed production The wild
Page 78 and 79: Impact on the flor
Page 80 and 81: • The sub-committee recommends mo
Page 82 and 83: Effects on primary producers The ef
Page 84 and 85: Effects on amphibians Unlawful use
Page 86 and 87: concentrations than the</st
Page 88: The sub-committee recommends more c
Page 91 and 92: General ergonomic problems Particul
Page 93 and 94: Tractor accidents Accidents resulti
Page 95 and 96: The sprayer operator’s exposure t
Page 97 and 98: Pesticides and cancer 96 th
Page 99 and 100: Studies of frequency of cancer Repr
Page 101 and 102: Neurotoxicity Immunotoxicity and se
Page 103 and 104: Population studies 102 • Long-ter
Page 105 and 106: Other risk groups
Page 107 and 108: 106 tomat salat kinakål kartofler
Page 109 and 110: Calculation of pesticide intake <st
Page 111 and 112: The Danes’ dietary pattern Reduct
Page 113 and 114: Estimated intake from</stro
Page 115 and 116: Table 6.4 Estimated pesticide intak
Page 117: Variation in daily intake of pestic
Page 121 and 122: Limit values Authorisation of pesti
Page 123 and 124: Analytical studies: case control st
Page 125 and 126: Cancer Mechanism behind the
Page 127 and 128: Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity in chil
Page 129 and 130: 128 6.2.7 Conclusions There is insu
Page 131 and 132: 130 • It cannot be proven on <str
Page 133 and 134: 132 Danish products. There are big
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Page 137 and 138: Definition of proportionality Heavy
Page 139 and 140: Tropospheric ozone Veterinary drugs
Page 141 and 142: 140 effect that can be expected per
Page 143 and 144: Synthetic pesticid
Page 145 and 146: 144 formulations. Therefore, <stron
Page 147 and 148: International cooperation 146 be il
Page 149 and 150: Fuzzy Expert model Expert assessmen
Page 151 and 152: Setting up a gross list with a view
Page 153 and 154: Better monitoring of the</s
Page 155 and 156: 154 help in the as
Page 157 and 158: Impact index for the</stron
Page 159 and 160: Knowledge-building in the</
Page 161 and 162: 160 In relation to the</str
Page 163 and 164: Uncertainties and variations 162 A
Page 165 and 166: 164 which is fixed at 0.1 microgram
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Prevention of disease in cereal cro
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Prevention of pest attack in agricu
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172 plants whose ability to establi
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Biobeds Municipal environmental sup
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Malt barley and gushing Direct effe
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Effect of soil treatment on wild pl
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Emissions of greenhouse gases 180 p
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Conclusions concerning environmenta
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Conclusions concerning leaching of
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0+-scenario: almost total phase-out
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Scenarios for forests Weath
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Soil Residues in the</stron
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Impact on the fiel
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Earthworms 194 has been carried out
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Assumptions and uncertainties Resul
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Comparison of weed control with and
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Results of calculations with <stron
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202 Scenarier Ingen behandling Plus
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Impacts on the flo
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Results of the mod
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Mechanical weed control 208 Behandl
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The Dane's dietary pattern and dail
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212 11 The sub-committee’s summar
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Conclusion concerning lack of time
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Conclusion concerning impacts on fl
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Conclusions concerning model analys
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Conclusions concerning exposure to
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Conclusion concerning mycotoxins Th
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Ranking with respect to groundwater
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Conclusion concerning emissions of
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Conclusions concerning natural subs
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230 12 References Abell, A., Bonde,
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232 Colborn, T., vom Saal., F.S., S
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234 Eyer, P. (1995). Neuropsychopat
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236 Graae, B.J. (1999). Florest flo
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238 Protection Conference: Pesticid
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240 Lindhardt, B., Sørensen, P.B.,
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242 consumption of fossil energy wi
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244 intoxication. The Pesticide Hea
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246 Underudvalget for Miljø og Sun
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248 Annex 1 Data required for autho
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250 11) Metabolism in animals The s
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252 Annex 2 The general rules for r
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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 25
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256 reasonable and usable system fo
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